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tions. But at Okehampton, the picturesque This church is a miniature edition of Exeter castle was a study for artist and archæologist, Cathedral, and is, it is said, the only parish and, in another sense, the same may be said of church in England with two transeptal towers. Powdenham. It was felt that Compton ought It has been restored principally through the to have been visited and more time devoted to efforts of the Coleridge family. The tombs of the spacious ruins of Berry Pomeroy. The the Grandissons, in the nave, are models for local committee did not choose the routes well, our monument designers. The most elegant or time would have been found for both these stone screen which came under the notice of the castles, which are remarkable examples of two Institute, was at Totnes, and it is more than different styles of defence. satisfactory to know that the rumour of its proThe lover of ecclesiology had a rich treat posed destruction is unfounded. An elegant during the meeting. The tall towers of Devon rood screen at Collumpton is associated in the partake somewhat of what is known as the mind with St. Mary Ottery, in consequence of Somerset type. They are graceful, and the use both churches having chantry chapels erected, of pierced stone in the tower windows gives just prior to the Reformation, with the "pride them a peculiarly light appearance. The great and glory" of English architecture-fan tracery pièce de résistance was, of course, the cathedral of in the roofs. There was a quaint rood screen at the west, and the whole of Thursday afternoon Gidleigh, which Mr. Omerod said was brought was devoted to hearing the venerable Archdea- from Chagford, but, on reaching the latter church, con Freeman discourse on its history and this was found to be improbable, as the tracery details. Exeter cathedral is noted for its Nor- was different to the one now existing, and the man transeptal towers and its varied windows portions removed are known to have been taken of the decorated period. In the interior, its away in modern times. The preservation of long unbroken line of roof and stately arcade these beautiful rood screens is a remarkable distinguish it from many of our larger cathe- feature in these western churches; but, amongst drals. It however presents a well thought out them all, there is not one that can compete with plan, which has been carried out at a later time. the church of St. Saviour at Dartmouth. Except the towers, there are but little signs of only is the rood screen complete with its original Norman work or of the original cathedral, built colouring, but the carved stone pulpit, richly in the twelfth century. The present cathedral gilt and decorated exists beside it. The galledates from the latter part of the thirteenth cen- ries here, too, seem to belong to the church, for tury. It was commenced by Bishop Brones- every panel bears heraldic shields relating to comb, but the general plans are attributed to the founders and doners of the church. This Bishop Peter Quivil, and seem to have been im- church owes its erection to Sir John Hawley, plicitly adhered to. Fortunately, the fabric rolls one of the prince merchants who lived in the of the Dean and Chapter are in existence, and the stirring times of Edward III. For we are told: archdeacon's forthcoming work on the architectural history of the cathedral, will be a valuable contribution to the history of the churchbuilding, and also as marking the era of the different styles visible in the edifice. The curious corbels of the choir, the elegant sedilia and the superb bishop's throne; the transeptal chapels of St. Gabriel and Mary Magdalen, together with the recently-found effigies of two of the early bishops, were all worthy of study. The stained-glass windows were the theme of an The domestic buildings at Dartmouth, though address by Mr. Stuart Moore, and it is gratify- hardly older than the Stuart period, are yet exing to known that the original glass of many of tremely interesting. The Butter-row, built in the windows is preserved, and the design of 1635 and added to in 1640, on ground reclaimed the others known, and can be successfully re- from the river, and in Lower-street, where Newproduced in all its silvery brightness of tone and comen, the inventor of the steam-engine, lived, colour. The reredos has been the subject of there are other red gabled houses, ornamented severe criticism in the Athenæum-a criticism with rare barge boards, brackets fantastically hardly so much deserved as the desire for tidy carved with griffins, lions, or the Christian emnewness visible in the stalls of the choir. blems of Faith, Hope, and Charity. Dartmouth, like Totnes, has a thoroughly old-world look, like many of the old houses which yet exist in Exeter. The finest specimens of domestic build

Amongst the minor churches visited were St. Mary Ottery, with its restored reredos by Blore, and its stone rood screen in the Lady Chapel,

"Blow the wind high, or blow it low,

It bloweth fair to Hawley's hoe."

A fine brass, representing him and his two wives, lies exposed in the chancel. A very large and fine picture, by Brockeldon, a local artist, of the "Raising of the Widow's Son," half hides the east window; but, seen from the nave, gives a wonderful effect in this quaint church in this quaint town.

the presentation of a gold chain to the mayor in
honour of this visit. It is, however, somewhat
singular that only one Exeter newspaper at-
tempted to give a complete and full account of
the proceeding. It was, however, excellently
done by the Exeter Gazette and much appre-
ciated by the members, and received their
warmest thanks.
YOUR REPORTER.

Association, at Sheffield, only arrived as we were going to
[Our report of the meeting of the British Archæological
press.]

Divers Notes.

ing visited by the Institute were Bradfield, for many centuries the seat of the Walronds, and Dartington and Powderham, the seat of the Earl of Devon. At Bradfield, which has been recently restored, next to the fine hall, which had been excellently preserved with its screen, minstrels' gallery, buttery hatch, and ladies' chamber, is the fresh-looking carving in the dining-room, belonging to the Jacobean period. This and the Spanish leather hangings make a perfect picture of the home of an English gentleman in the time of the first James. The inner porch here, as at Broughton Castle and elsewhere, may be recommended to modern architects as a good lesson from long ago. The gardens at BradHOUSE OF COMMONS (vol. i., p. 4), is the folfield were preserved with their ponds, and cut lowing:-"One of the earliest allusions to a yews formed terraces. These and the old muni- Parliament to be found in the Statute Book is in ments of the family, dating from Henry III., the year 1331." The following passage from were seen in the first excursion. Dartington Hallam's "England" (vol. i. p. 19, Murray's was a splendid specimen of a feudal mansion. reprint) is more correct perhaps :-"15th of It was not more interesting than Forde Abbey, Edward II. (1322) declares matters to be estab. where Mr. Evans made the Institute welcome on its last excursion. Formed out of the scarcely finished Abbey, it has the old refectory for the great hall, part of the cloisters for a conservatory, and the chapter-house as a chapel. The dormitories and the ambulatories beneath are nearly perfect, and devoted to their original use. Inigo Jones had made the old hospitium into a saloon. The church and conservii are

gone, but the more ancient refectory of the monks yet remains. The beautiful tower over the entrance still exists to attest the taste and skill of Thomas Chard, the last abbot.

lished in Parliament by the king, and by the assent of the prelates, earls, and barons, and the commonalty of the realm, according as had been before accustomed." The historian adds in a note that this statute is not even alluded to in Ruffhead, but is brought forward in the report of the "Lords' Committee on the Dignity of a Peer, 1819.”

G. LAURENCE Gomme.

4, Roseford Gardens, Shepherds' Bush-common.

AABAPO'N. This was the name given to the standard which the Emperor Constantine always caused to be carried in front of his army. The origin of the name has been always a puzzle to learned men. I have sought, from other sources, for an elucidation, but without any satisfactory

The many monuments were left without an expositor, for Mr. Matt. Bloxham was absent. Mr. J. H. Parker and Mr. Clarke enlightened us on the architectural features of castle, church, and abbey, and Mr. A. Freeman gave us the ad-result. I submit it to the readers of LONG vantage of his historical knowledge at various points.

AGO, among whom there may be some who will be able to throw light upon it. It is only fair, however, to say, that I know of no data on which even to base a bare conjecture. I have met with many attempted explanations, but all, as far as I could see, vague and improbable.

EDMUND TEW, M.A.

DAUGHTERRINES-TWIN DAUGHTERS.-In the Register of Baptisms at Warrington, Lancashire, under the date 1607, January 31, occurs the following entry :

It is something to know that Mr. Ashworth and Mr. Townsend have preserved the memorials of many old buildings and old relics, many of which have passed away in the mad career of restoration and improvement. These drawings were not the least attractive portion of the temporary museum, in which the famous reliquary, known as the "Bodmin casket," was placed, together with the famous Truro gold torques or lunelæ, celts, flints, and other relics of very long ago. The gallery of Devonshire worthies was a great source of attraction, for it was the first time that such an exhibition had been attempted at a meeting of the Institute. It will not be the last. There are many pleasant memories connected with the Exeter Meeting-open hospi- I presume, therefore, that the above were twins, tality and genial good-nature were met with but have never met with the same distinctive everywhere, and this will be commemorated by term before.

"C. (christening). Ales and Katheryn, daughterrines to Robert Spenser." And on the day following:

"B. (burial). Kattherin, daughter to Robert Spenser."

M. D.

O is a circle. When we form a circle by the lips, the sound emitted is O.

P is a "point." It is nearly the same as B, but in it the under loop is wanting, and when we conceal the under lip by putting out the point of the tongue, the sound emitted is P.

THE PHOENICIANS IN BRITAIN.-A very in- for river. Here it is aw-en, the end of water. It teresting question is the connection of the is the same as India, end-aw. Phoenicians with the British Islands. There is reason to think from the great number of glass objects-chiefly beads-found in Ireland, showing extraordinary skill in the manufacture of glass, that a considerable connection existed between the Phoenicians and Ireland, and it is also very remarkable that the language spoken by the Phoenicians seems to have been the same as that spoken here. This is shown in the names used in the alphabet, which is admitted to be of Phoenician origin. There is also the singular fact that the alphabet is composed of rude hieroglyphics or representations of objects, their names being the same as given in the languages of these countries.

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Q is nearly the same as U. It means the "rump." Q has a little tail attached to it and is sharper in sound.

R means the "hair." The word signifies "what comes behind the ear." In the letter the round part at the top represents the ear (ef. D), and the flowing line proceeding from it represents the hair. It is not to be confounded with hare, the animal, signifying a thing to go after, nor with heir, what comes after.

S is a serpent. The shape representing the sinuous form of the animal, and the sound, its hissing.

A. The only exception to this is the first letter, A, signifying "water." As no figure could be made to represent water, the "triangle" or symbol of water was adopted. The first mode of drinking was by going on the knees and T means a "house." It means a long drinking from a stream. In this case, Aw-en, thing. In this case the long thing was a pole, a river; coo, the "back" or rump ;" and ell, on the top of which was placed a piece of wood, the leg, combined, formed aw-en-coo-ell, or angle. forming the letter T, over this skins were placed, "B." Be is a mouth, the two loops repre- forming a rude tent. EDWARD BENN. senting the lips. That this letter has this meaning will be evident when we consider the great number of words indicating the mouth, actions performed by it, or objects resembling it in shape, such as "Bell," "Bellow," "Belch," "Bill" (of a bird), &c.

C or CK means the "cheek." The curve represents the cheek which is chaw-ick, i.e., what bounds or encloses the jaw, as "chin" is, in the same way, chaw-en, the end of the jaw.

D, "Dee," or "Deer," means the "ear," and is a representation of its shape. Its original signification is the "hid-eye," or the eye behind, and it may fairly be called the back eye.

E signifies the face. In it the two eyes, with the nose in the centre, are rudely represented (E).

F is the English "ef," that is the half face, or one eye, the profile. It represents one eye with the nose below.

G is the same as J, formerly called jaw; it represents the cheek with the jaw at the end. I, i, is the "eye," which is indicated by the

small dot.

L is the "arm," which was anciently socalled; it means any long thing, and we still speak of an ell measure and of elbow. The word arm has reference to swimming.

M is a mountain. In it are represented the three peaks. The word um means "to go up and down."

N is a river, its shape representing the winding of a river. There are several names

Clenravil, Ballymena.

GERMAN, says Dr. Brewer, is from the Celtic gharmann (a war man). Geoffrey of Monmouth says that Ebrancus, one of the mythological descendants of Brute, King of Britain, had twenty sons and thirty daughters. All the sons, except the eldest, settled in Germany, which was, therefore, called the land of the Germans, or brothers.

"(Ebrank.) An happy man in his first days he was,
And happy father of fair progeny ;

For all so many weeks as the year has
So many children did he multiply;

Of which were twenty sons, which did apply
Their minds to praise and chivalrous desire.
These Germans did subdue all Germany,
Of whom it fight."

Ashford.

Spenser, "Faery Queen," ii. 10.
FREDK. RULE.

THE LADIES OF Llangollen (vol. i., p. 239). -"A. A." in his interesting paper on this subject assumes, as I take it, that the "black beaver men's hats" worn by "The Ladies" resemble those," then and until recently the costume of the country." But the hats which women wore were very different head-dresses indeed to those worn by the "Ladies of Llangollen." Welsh female costume included a very tall hat, tapering towards the summit; and the face under it was bordered by a full cap; whereas "The Ladies" wore the ordinary hats in use by English gentlemen of the period; cut and

The

powdered their hair; and in other ways imitated men's attire. To quote the elder Matthews' words, "As they were seated there was not one point to distinguish them from men."

Croeswylan, Oswestry.

A. R.

Under his head was placed Sanadon's Horace ; at his feet, Bentley's Milton; in his right hand, a small Greek Testament, with an inscription in gold letters; in his left hand, a little edition of Horace, with the inscription Musis Amicus, and Bentley's Horace under his back. After the THE TOWN CLERK OF LONDON (vol. i., p. 208). ceremony was over they returned to his house, -The name of the famous town clerk and con- where his sister had provided a cold supper. temporary and intimate friend of Lord Mayor The cloth being taken away, the gentlemen sang Whittington is given in Weever's "Funeral the 31st Ode of the 1st book of Horace, drank a Monum," p. 379, folio edition, as Fenken Car- cheerful glass, and went home about eight. He penter, not "John." He was the executor of left near £6,000 to his sister, on condition of her Whittington; and according to Stow, one of observing this, his will, ordered her to give each his public acts was to defray the expenses of of the gentlemen ten guineas, and desired they translating the metres of poetry of a Dance of would not attend in black clothes. The will Death, painted about St. Innocent's Cloister, at ends thus: "Which done I would have them Paris. These translations out of the French take a cheerful glass and think no more of John into English were done in the reign of Henry VI., Underwood."-Stamford Mercury, July 4, 1873. probably 1429-30, by John Lydgate, a famous The above instance of curious eccentricity is, I monk of the Benedictine Abbey of Bury, in think, well worth recording in LONG AGO. Suffolk, for the Dance of Machabray, which was artificially and richly painted about the great cloister, on the north side of old St. Paul's, and environing a plot of ground more anciently known as Pardon-Church-yard,* whereof Thomas More, Dean of St. Paul's, was either the first builder or a great benefactor, and was buried there. ROYLE ENTWISLE, F.R.H.S.

Farnworth, Bolton.

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14, Spring Bank, Hull.

04 OI 10 WILLIAM ANDREWS.

THOMAS RATCLIFFE.

PEOPLE AND STEEPLE RHYMES.-
"Bowness-on-Windermere-

New church, old steeple,
Poor town, and proud people.
"Dronmore-

High church, low steeple,
Dirty town, and proud people.
"Near Carlisle-

Low church, high steeple,
Drunken priest and wicked people.
"Lockerbie-

Lockerbie's a dirty place,
A kirk without a steeple ;
A midden-hole at ilka door,
But a canty set o' people.
"Preston-

Proud Preston, poor people,
High church, and low steeple."
The latter line is often rendered-

"Old church and new steeple."

J. P. B. DISCOVERY OF COBBETT MANUSCRIPTS.— I A REMARKABLE FUNERAL.-On the 4th April, cut the following from the Globe. Its interesting 1733, died Mr. John Underwood, of Whittlesey. nature will readily ensure for it a home in the At his burial, when the service was over, an pages of LONG AGO. A curious discovery rearch was turned over the coffin, in which was lating to a noted character of the last generation placed a small piece of white marble, with this has just been made in the Public Record Office. inscription, "Non omnis moriar, 1733." Then During the examination of a chest containing the six gentlemen who followed him to the grave MSS. and books, whose existence had been sung the last stanza of the 20th Ode of the second overlooked, numerous documents belonging to book of Horace. No bell was tolled, no one in-William Cobbett were turned out. Among them vited but the six gentlemen, and no relation are piles of letters addressed to "Peter Porcufollowed his corpse. The coffin was painted pine," in 1828, from an American correspondent, green, and he lay in it with all his clothes on. a vast mass of briefs, bills of costs, &c., and the manuscript of an English dictionary, arranged for the press. The most interesting portion of the find, however, consists of two volumes, "The History of Newcastle-on-Tyne," splendidly

This name would seem to import a right of sanctuary, treated of in the editor's fourth chapter of "The Olden Laws of England," but not specified as ever attaching to St.

Paul's.

bound, and presented to Cobbett by "admirers of his patriotic conduct." These contain the names of the subscribers, and between the covers of the first was found an original drawing and an artist's proof by Bewick. It appears Cobbett was, in 1835, a party to a suit in chancery, and the documents, &c., were ordered by the court to be brought up by way of exhibits, and have remained in custody of the court ever since.

REPLEB.

A SQUIRE.-There are few questions more frequently asked, or more difficult to answer, than "What is a squire?" or who is entitled to be called one? Five centuries ago, when Chaucer

wrote

"With him there was his sonne a yong squire,
A lover and a lustie Bachilere."
The king created squires by the gift of a silver
collar. Those who venerate old ballads, will
remember the verse in the "Tanner of Tam-
worth"

"A coller, a coller, our king gan cry;
Quoth the Tanner it will breed sorow;
For after a coller cometh a Halter,
I trow I shall be hang'd to-morow,
Be not afraid, Tanner, said our king,
I tell thee so mought I thee,

So here I make thee the best esquire,
That is in the North Countrie."

FLY-LEAF SCRIBBLINGS.-I copy the following from the blank leaves of "Rider's (1689) British Merlin," and believe them to be in a hand writing of the same date. They may perhaps be new to many of your readers, as they were to me: "One gave this counsell to his Friend, Have Communion with Few, Be Intimate with one,

Deale Justly wth all,

Speak evill of none."

"Te veto ne pergas bello defendere Belgas,
Quæ Dracus eripuit fac restituante ad unguem,
Quæ Pater evertit Subeo te condere cellas,
Religio Papæ fac restituante ad unguem."
"Ad Græcas, Bone Rex, Fient mandata Calendas."
"Noli peccare, nam Deus videt, Angeli astant,
Diabolus accusabit, Conscientia testabit'r, Infer-
nus cruciabit."
M. D.

THE EXECUTION OF CHARLES I. (vol. i., pp. 228-9). It is noticeable that the elaborate speech which he made upon the scaffold was impartially reported at full length, and printed in a pamphlet published at the time with the Parliament's authority. I have a copy in my possession, entitled :-" King Charls his speech made upon the Scaffold at Whitehall-gate, immediately before his Execution, on Tuesday the 30 of Jan. 1648. With a Relation of the maner of his going to Execution. Published In more recent times, say two centuries ago, a by special Authority." London, 1649, small 4to. justice of the peace was an esquire so long as On page 13, with reference to "giving his George he remained in the commission of the peace, to Doctor Juxon, saying, Remember," a marginal and no longer; but the high sheriff of a county note says "It is thought for to give it to the Prince." was an esquire for life. At that time no shop- This Jewel was frequently worn by Charles II. and keeper would expect to be addressed as an esquire, James II., and was carefully preserved by their and this addition to a man's name was used descendants, until the last of the Stuarts, Henry, with due care and discrimination. We find in Cardinal Duke of York, bequeathed it to the Prince the list of the Royal Society for 1673 there were of Wales, afterwards George IV. I believe that it then six Fellows not thought worthy to be is now at Windsor. According to the best authohonoured with the rank of squire, amongst rities, there was only one Executioner on the scafwhom were Mr. Isaac Newton and Mr. Gilbert fold, Richard Brandon, (not two, as stated by Mr. Burnet; though the former was already a M.A. Winters). In the pamphlet quoted above, one Execuand Professor in the University of Cambridge; tioner only is mentioned, on page 14, thus :-" The and the latter was in holy orders and Professor King stretching forth his hands, the Executioner at of Divinity at Glasgow! It is interesting to one blow, severed his head from his body. That observe that, in 1699, Mr. Newton, being then when the King's head was cut off the Executioner on the establishment of His Highness the Duke held it up, and shewed it to the spectators. And of Gloucester, was addressed as an esquire; it his body was put in a coffin, covered with black was not, however, ISAAC NEWTON who was velvet, for that purpose. The King's body now lies recognised as an esquire, but the "gentlemen of in his lodging chamber at Whitehall." It was not the Duke's household," for he is mentioned by until February 1st that the body was removed to Chamberlayne as "Mathematic master to the St. James's Palace, and on February 10th, the King Duke, Newton, Esq." Now every man was interred at Windsor. The coffin was found to who wears a coat considers himself an esquire; be of plain lead, when it was discovered, in 1813, and the title, once a mark of worship and respect, in the vault of Henry VIII., under St. George's has come to be applied, as it has been wittily said, to "any one who is not a gentleman." EDWARD SOLLY.

Chapel. The particulars of its examination by Sir
Henry Halford, at the command of the Prince
Regent, may be found on page 68 of "Willis's

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