Sita; in the second, a Sanscrit invocation; in the third, various scenes in the conquest of Ceylon; in the fourth, various incarnations of Vishnu, culminating in that of Buddha; in the fifth, Shivaic emblems. This jug is almost a resumé of Indian mythology.

9. Indo-Scythian king, still showing traces of the head-dress of the Graeco-Bactrians and corruptions of Greek art, under seven-headed serpents.

10. Head of Barbarian.

II. Mythological groups.-Krishna sporting with Radha; goddess suckling a swan (the Indian version of the history of Leda), &c., &c.

12. Barbarian king wearing a corrupt GraecoBuddhist head-dress.

13. A Sati group. The widow who has burnt herself with her husband, holds his hand and wanders with him to the next world. This sculpture is very ancient, but its coarse imitations in clay or marble are often found on Sati monuments in India.

14. Brass Buddha, already referred to, reposing under a dragon.

15 and 16. Photos of Buddhist temple and idol.

17. Ancient Rajput with raised thin arm and Hindu ornaments on body.

18. Portion of body of a Rajput (?) in red sand

stone.

LAPIDARIUM SEPTENTRIONALE,

OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE MONUMENTS OF ROMAN
RULE IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

Published by the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-
on-Tyne. Parts I., II., & III.

THE

there are some serious errors regarding a few of
the inscriptions, which, in the interests of archæo.
logy, it is necessary should be at once corrected.
No. 603 is the celebrated inscription found at
Risingham, first noticed by Camden, and from
the end of the fourth and commencement of the
fifth lines of which that great antiquary, and
subsequently Horsley, conjectured the Roman
name of the place to be Habitanicum. The reading
which they gave of the above-named portions of
lines was-
"HABITA

NCI."

This was the reading adopted without comment, and without any engraving of the stone by Dr. Bruce, in the first and second editions of his "Roman Wall." But in the Archeological Fournal, vol. xii., p. 217, and in the third edition of his "Roman Wall,” p. 332, he gives engravings of the altar, in which the letters are plainly—

66 HABITA

NCCI." Thus adding a second c, which totally alters the sense of the inscription. Upon seeing this alteration Dr. McCaul, of Toronto (who had previously shown the fallacy of reading the word as the name of a town, i.e., Habitancum), at once expanded the letter as Habita nomine) ducenarii. But now, in the Lapidarium, Dr. Bruce reverts to the original engraving of the altar, omitting the second c, and still holding the name of the place to be Habitancum, though evidently with less firmness. He disposes of Dr. McCaul's views in these words:" Dr. McCaul, in the Britanno-Roman inscriptions, and in the Canadian Journal, proposes interpretations different from any of the preceding, for which the reader is referred to the works themselves."

Dr. Bruce thus ignores the fact that but for himself Dr. McCaul could not have given the reading he does. Notwithstanding this, however, there is little doubt that the latter is correct; for an inspection of the stone distinctly shows that the two c's exist, the first and largest containing in its embrace the second and smaller one, as they had been produced in Dr. Bruce's earlier engravings. Why Dr. Bruce should thus suppress the second c, except to maintain a pet theory now proved to be untenable, it is difficult to surmise.

HE recent publication of the third fasciculus of this important work seems a fitting opportunity for noticing that portion of it now before the public. It was originally intended that it should consist of three fasciculi; but, owing apparently to the smallness of the first of these, a fourth is necessary for its completion. In the great bulk of the inscriptions which have been published, Dr. Bruce, who has acted as editor, has rendered great service to the archæological world by the admirable illustrations of the various altars, slabs, &c., from which the lapidary evidence of the Roman period is derived. His own great experience in these matters has been aided But it is in the inscription No. 514, p. 260, that by that of Professors Hübner, of Berlin, and Dr. Bruce perhaps reaches a climax of error. Henzen, of Rome, and by Dr. McCaul, of To- He reproduces the woodcut of that inscription ronto. The result is a dissipation of many false from the Gentleman's Magazine for 1749, p. 367, theories previously held with regard to some of and adds: "The Bishop of Cloyne passes over the inscriptions, and of much light being thrown it in the Magna Britannia with the remark, 'It is on the constitution of the Roman forces which evidently so ill-copied that we have not ventured occupied the Northumbrian barrier. Nevertheless to insert it.'' This is an astounding statement.

bones among the earthy contents. Beneath it he are only to the pliocene, and it is considered doubtfound various jars of pottery of a different shape ful if they can be referred back even as far as that. and less finished make from what is met with in The evidence of geological investigation seems to Peru. He also found some gold leaf as thin as establish the fact that man has existed on the earth paper, some stone hatchets, and a curious shell-like for a period infinitely longer than has generally been substance, highly polished, which is supposed to be assigned to him in past centuries.

a joint of the tail of some fossil fish or trilobite which the Indian wore round his or her neck as a amulet. Mr. Briggs had only time to examine one of the several graves he saw there. It is to be hoped he will be enabled to continue his antiquarian researches on the island and be able to preserve a skull, which he did at first, but lost it by the carelessness of an ignorant boy who regarded it with superstitious fear and threw it away. A great deal of light can thus be thrown on the industry and habits of the extinct aborigines of the Sovereign State of the Isthmus of Panama."

lent masonry.

These walls bear numerous hiero

ALLEGED DISCOVERY OF THE
TREASURY OF TROY.

THE Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung publishes a letter from the indefatigable Dr. H. Schliemann, who, for the last three years, has been prosecuting with more or less success his excavations at Troy, announcing the startling fact of his having discovered the treasure of King Priam, and succeeded in securing it and placing it in safety. He says that in excavating near "ANCIENT AMERICAN CITIES.-The story told the northern gate of the city early in the mornby Col. W. T. Roberts, and printed December 19, ing, he came upon a large copper vessel of a in the Denver News, is substantially the same as that told by several explorers before. The reports article of gold was visible. Not to excite the very peculiar form and shape, in which some concur in declaring that in remote parts of Arizona there exist well preserved and extensive ruins, which cupidity of his workpeople, he immediately gave the signal for refreshment and rest, and, whilst are assumed to be those of once populous cities. the men were at breakfast, proceeded alone to Col. Roberts' city covers about three square miles. remove the object discovered, which he effected It is surrounded by a wall of sandstone, neatly with infinite labour and some danger, as the quarried and dressed,' ten or twelve feet thick, and wall of the city, which they had undermined, was originally judging from the talus-fifteen or twenty in a very tottering condition and threatened to feet high. Within are the walls of houses, temples, fall in at any moment. and markets, all of solid stone, and showing excel- have succeeded in securing the treasure in such He says he should not a secret manner as to escape the observation of the people, but for the assistance of his wife, who contrived to carry the pieces under her shawl and place them in the boxes they had in their hut. He then gives a description of the various objects he has thus obtained. The first was a large fat copper tray (δισκος ομφαλοειδής) with a rim round it 4 centim. high. He takes it to have been a shield; at all events it reminds one vividly of Homer's armides oμpaxbeσσai. The second was a copper kettle with two horizontal handles, which must have been one of Homer's λéßns; it is 42 centim. in diameter and 14 high. The third was a plate of copper, 44 centim. long, at one end of which is an axletree with two immovable wheels. It is bent in two places, which he ascribes to the action of excessive heat, probably from the conflagration; he is the more inclined to this belief, as a small silver vase of 12 centim. in height is soldered to it, but in such a manner as to show that it was rather the effect of accident than design. The fourth object was a copper vase 14 centim. high and II do. in diameter.

glyphics, cut deep into the stone. The whole of the ruins, like most of those of the Orient, and more especially those of Arabia and Assyria, are more or less buried in sand. According to account, this city is some ninety miles from the boundary between Utah and Arizona, and an equal distance from the western Colorado line. Its situation can therefore

be precisely determined on the maps. By these it proves to be close to the desert, and, in truth, environed by extensive sandy plains.”*

"SUPPOSED EVIDENCE OF MAN IN THE MIOCENE. -Mr. Frank Calvert, an eminent archæologist communicates an interesting discovery, which he has recently made in beds regarded as Miocene Territory, bones of animals having etchings upon them of the figures of other animals. If there is no mistake about the character of the deposit, this discovery would carry back the existence of man upon the earth, to a period immensely more remote than has yet been ascertained by scientific research -to a much earlier date, even, than can be ascribed to the human remains reported to have been found in the deep gravel mines of California-under Table Mountain, &c. The earliest reference of the latter

A very full account of Colonel Roberts' discoveries will be found in No. 1, of LONG AGO.-EDITOR.]

Then came a bottle of pure gold in the form of a ball; it weighs 403 grammes and is 15 centim. in diameter, exhibiting the commence

πελλα,

ment of a zig-zag pattern ornamentation, but the Doctor to believe that they were packed in which was left in an unfinished state. A drink- a wooden box, such as those that are mentioned ing cup also of the purest gold and weighing ("Iliad" xxiv., 228,) as being kept in Priam's 226 grammes, and another of the same pure palace; the more so, as he found lying quite metal in the form of a ship and weighing 600 close to the other things a copper key, 10 cent. grammes; it has two handles, between which long, with wards of 5 centim., bearing the are two lips to drink from, the one being 7 cen- greatest resemblance to the key of a modern timeter and the other 3 centi. in width. This, safe. He gives his reasons for believing that the without doubt, was one of Homer's démas aupré- things were packed and put away in a great The treasure contains further a goblet hurry, without having time even to extract the weighing 70 grammes of gold containing 25 key; and further that the vases contained a per cent. of silver, with so small a foot-and number of gold ornaments, among which are out of the horizontal line too-that it is impos- three beautifully worked head-dresses (phdeμva), sible to make it stand upright, and it must have 56 ear-rings of different patterns and shapes, been used to pass from hand to hand. It is in- and thousands of little rings, buttons, and teresting for the goldsmith's art to know that cubes, as well as six armlets and two small gold the goblet was cast in a form and the handles goblets. Among these lesser articles were seveare soldered on, whilst, on the other hand, the ral double-buttons of gold, exactly similar to our gold bottle bears evident marks of the hammer. modern shirt-studs. All the little miscellaneous There are also six pieces of a mixture of gold articles are pierced, and must have been worn and silver hammered out into the shape of large originally strung on leather or string. Whoever blades, rounded at one end and cut out in the packed the box, in his endeavour to save the hape of a half-moon at the other. They are of treasure, must have had the presence of mind different dimensions, the two largest being 21 to place the large silver vase with its heterocenti. long and 50 do. wide, weighing each 184 genous contents in an upright position, as not grammes. The two next largest are 18 centim. a single article had fallen out. In the hope of long, and weigh each 173 grammes; whilst the making further discoveries, the Doctor had a smallest are 17 centim., and weigh 171 gr. length of 17 metres of the city wall removed, These are probably Homer's Táλarra, which must and brought to light several objects of antiquahave been small, and such as he mentions in the rian interest; among other things, he laid bare "Illiad" (xxiii., 269), where Achilles gives four several walls and a whole room of the original prizes: a woman, a horse, a kettle, and two palace of Priam, in which he picked up a fraggolden talents. Amongst other things, the Doc- ment of beautifully ornamented red slate, on for found three silver vases of 21, 171, and 18 which is engraved on inscription, but in what centim. in height, on the foot of one of which is language is not yet ascertained, and several a slab of copper, which must have become an- articles of terra cotta, one of which is a vessel nealed to it by the melting of some vase of that for holding water, perfectly resembling in shape metal that was contigious during the great con- our modern casks. The learned Doctor proflagration. The feet of all three are hemisphe- mises to give a detailed account of these discorical, and can not be made to stand upright with- veries in an appendix to his description of his out some support to lean on. There is also a previous proceedings and excavations at Troy, silver salver of 14 centim. in diameter, and two now in the press, that will be published by F. A. smaller ones. Among these were lying thirteen Brockhaus, of Leipzig, and the atlas to illustrate perforated lance-heads of copper of various the work will be augmented by no less than 216 lengths, and in some of the holes were still the additional photographic plates. nails that fixed them to the wooden shaft. This These discoveries of Dr. Schliemann have proves that the Trojan lances were different made a wonderful impression in Germany, quite from those of the Greeks and Romans. He fur- equal, we understand, to the finding of the silver ther found fourteen specimens of a peculiar treasure of Varus, near Hildesheim, in the Harz weapon of copper, common enough at Troy, but Mountains, when he was compelled to retreat found nowhere else; he considers they must after being beaten by Arminius, and is supposed have been used as battle-axes. They are from to have buried his plate both as a useless impe16 to 31 centims. in length and the heaviest diment on this march and to prevent its falling weighs 1,365 gr. He also found seven double- into the hands of the enemy. The intrinsic edged copper poniards more or less perfect, but value of Dr. Schliemann's discoveries at Troy all showing unmistakable signs of the fire. Of are estimated to be worth 25,000 thalers, whilst single-edged knives there was only one, and also in an antiquarian point of view no adequate sum one blade of a copper sword. All these objects can be named. It is said to be the intention of lying close together in the outer wall, induces the Doctor to make a present of the whole trea

sure to the Museum of Athens, provided the Greek Government will grant him permission to make excavations at Olympia, Sparta, Mycena, and some of the Greek Islands.

ASSOCIATION.

two unequal portions, or baileys, by an intersecting rampart. The smaller bailey, containing about four acres, lies to the west of the entrance and nearest to what may be called the citadel. It seems probable that this hill was held during the troublous times of Stephen, and hence may have taken that THE BRITISH ARCHEOLOGICAL form and arrangement so common in Norman castles. Cambodunum, known now as Slack, lies THE thirtieth congress of the British Archæo- on the road between Eboracum and Mancunium, logical Association has been held in the murky some miles to the north of Castle-hill, which was regions of Sheffield. The proceedings commenced long thought to be Cambodunum itself. A selecon Monday, the 18th of August, with an address tion of the Roman remains found at Slack consistfrom the Mayor of Sheffield to the Duke of Nor-ing of a ridged sepulchre, some hypocaust tiles, folk, as president, and closed on Saturday evening and the usual debris of a Roman station, were exwith a few parting words from the veteran politi-hibited at Mr. Brooke's, at Armitage Bridge, where cian, Mr. J. A. Roebuck, who made some appro- the Association were bountifully entertained. The priate remarks on the value of archæological only other earthworks visited were those to the research, and the influence it ought to have on the east of the Church of Laughton-en-le-Morthen, which lives, destinies, and pursuits of a people whose consisted of a fortified tumulus of a type common minds were bound up with the iron bands of present in Warwickshire and other places, near which Edwin, exigencies. The lessons of the dead past ought Earl of Mercia, had a residence in Saxon days, and to regulate and guide the living present, or else here lived Wolfric Spot, the minister of Ethelred history and experience have existed in vain. The the Unready. The church is remarkable for an parting words ought to have preceded the meeting arched doorway of unmistakable Saxon work, and in the natural order of things. a most elegant spire; one of the arcades of Norman Taking the results of the meeting in their chro- work has been raised to make the piers of the same nological order, the more ancient remains the height as the perpendicular piers on the other side. footprints of the primeval tribes were barely A view of the Saxon doorway appears in Ricktouched upon. The great earthworks at Bradfield man's "Gothic Architecture." The most interestwere not visited (though on the programme for ing early fragment seen was an ancient cross, found Saturday), but Mr. Gordon Hills gave a brief in restoring Kirk Burton chancel. It has a repredescription of them in Ecclesfield Church, and sentation of the crucifixion of a very early type, ascribed the mounds, lows, holes, motes, tumuli, and the lower part of the shaft is ornamented with or whatever name they may be called, to the period interlaced work so familiar in Irish crosses. The of the Roman survey of this country. He thought tenon at the head seemed to indicate that the they were geometric points of observation, though cross was either morticed in an open window, or subsequently used for the purposes of sepulture, was probably surrounded by a circle like its protoand occasionally fortified in later times. This view, types in Ireland. This cross has not yet been enwhich is not an original one, has gained but few graved. In Conisboro' Church were some sarcophagi believers, because these mounds are found in many of Norman and early English work, popularly aslocalities so close together as to forbid the notion. cribed to Saxon times. Indeed, throughout, there They are found along certain lines of defence, was an atmosphere of Saxon ideas over all the excurand appear in many cases to have been originally sions in consequence of the glamour of Sir Walter signal mounds in connection with some great cen- Scott's romance of "Ivanhoe" over the scenes visited. tral oppidum, like Castle Hill, near Huddersfield, In one woodland glade we might expect to see which the association visited on Thursday, the Gurth and Wamba, for devious ways were plentiful 21st, under the skilled guidance of Mr. Fairless and swine not less so. Conisboro' was the assumed Barber, F.S.A. Almondbury Castle Hill is situated home of Athelstane the Unready, and in the little in the centre of a group of hills to the south of the Norman chapel in the castle keep he is said to town of Huddersfield. The summit is about 900 have lain in state. Tickhill Castle is thought to feet above the level of the valley, and is entered have been only another name for Torquilstone, but, on the eastern side, about 1 mile from the village on examination, these popular ideas melted away. of Almondbury. The general outline of the en- Conisboro' Castle itself only dated from 1167-80, trenchments is that of an elongated ellipsis, but and the tomb of Hengist, which is represented by the extreme western portion, consisting of 1 acre, a mound between the castle outworks and the is separated from the entrenchments proper by a village is very mythical. The keep of Conisboro' deep fosse, and on the outer verge of the hill is is a small circular structure, with four large butacutely escarped below the outer vallum. The tresses. The entrance is up a narrow flight of plateau, which is of 9 acres extent, is divided into stone steps, which lead to a staircase within the