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143 complying with the prevalent spirit of their party, CHAP. ever jealous of monarchy, stated a doubt with regard LXVIII. to the King's power of exercising even this small degree of lenity. "Since he cannot pardon the "whole," said they," how can he have power to "remit any part of the sentence?" They proposed the doubt to both houses: The peers pronounced it superfluous; and even the commons, apprehensive lest a question of this nature might make way for Stafford's escape, gave this singular answer: <<This "house is content, that the sheriffs do execute Wil"liam late Viscount Stafford by severing his head "from his body only." Nothing can be a stronger proof of the fury of the times, than that Lord Russel, notwithstanding the virtue and humanity of his character, seconded in the house this barbarous scruple of the sheriffs.

IN the interval between the sentence and execution, many efforts were made to shake the resolution of the infirm and aged prisoner, and to bring him to some confession of the treason for which he was condemned. It was even rumoured, that he had confessed; and the zealous partymen, who, no doubt, had secretly, notwithstanding their credulity, entertained some doubts with regard to the reality of the popish conspiracy, expressed great triumph on the occasion. But Stafford, when again called before the house of peers, discovered many schemes, which had been laid by himself and others for procuring a toleration to the catholics, at least a mitigation of the penal laws enacted against them: And he protested that this was the sole treason of which he had ever been guilty.

STAFFORD now prepared himself for death with the intrepidity which became his birth and station, and which was the natural result of the innocence and integrity which, during the course of a long life, he had ever maintained: His mind seemed even to collect

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CHAP. collect new force from the violence and oppression LXVIII. under which he laboured. When going to execution, he called for a cloak to defend him against the rigour 29th Dec. of the season: "Perhaps," said he, "I may shake "with cold; but I trust in God not for fear." On the scaffold he continued, with reiterated and earnest asseverations, to make protestations of his innocence: All his fervour was exercised on that point: When he mentioned the witnesses, whose perjuries had bereaved him of life, his expressions were full of mildness and of charity. He solemnly disavowed all those immoral principles, which over-zealous protestants had ascribed without distinction to the church of Rome: And he hoped, he said, that the time was now approaching, when the present delusion would be dissipated; and when the force of truth, though late, would engage the whole world to make reparation to his injured honour.

and execution.

THE populace, who had exulted at Stafford's trial and condemnation, were now melted into tears at the sight of that tender fortitude which shone forth in each feature, and motion, and accent of this aged noble. Their profound silence was only interrupted by sighs and groans. With difficulty they found speech to assent to those protestations of innocence, which he frequently repeated: "We believe you, my "lord! God bless you, my lord!" These expressions with a faultering accent flowed from them. The executioner himself was touched with sympathy. Twice he lifted up the ax, with an intent to strike the fatal blow; and as often felt his resolution to fail him. A deep sigh was heard to accompany his last effort, which laid Stafford for ever at rest. All the spectators seemed to feel the blow. And when the head was held up to them with the usual cry, This is the head of a traitor, no clamour of assent was uttered. Pity, remorse, and astonishment, had taken possession of every heart, and displayed itself in every countenance.

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THIS is the last blood which was shed on ac- CHAP. count of the popish plot: An incident which, for LXVIII. the credit of the nation, it were better to bury in eternal oblivion; but which it is necessary to perpetuate, as well to maintain the truth of history, as to warn, if possible, their posterity and all mankind never again to fall into so shameful, so barbarous a delusion.

THE execution of Stafford gratified the preju dices of the country party; but it contributed nothing to their power and security: On the contrary, by exciting commiseration, it tended still farther to increase that disbelief of the whole plot, which began now to prevail. The commons, therefore, not to lose the present opportunity, resolved to make both friends and enemies sensible of their power. They passed a bill for easing the protestant dissenters, and for repealing the persecuting statute of the thirtyfifth of Elizabeth: This laudable bill was likewise carried through the house of peers. The chief justice was very obnoxious for dismissing the grand jury in an irregular manner, and thereby disappointing that bold measure of Shaftesbury and his friends, who had presented the Duke as a recusant. For this crime the commons sent up an impeachment against him; as also against Jones and Weston, two of the judges, who, in some speeches from the bench, had gone so far as to give to many of the first reformers the appellation of fanatics.

THE King, in rejecting the exclusion bill, had sheltered himself securely behind the authority of the house of peers; and the commons had been deprived of the usual pretence, to attack the sovereign himself, under colour of attacking his ministers and counsellors. In prosecution, however, of the scheme which he had formed, of throwing the blame on the commons in case of any rupture, he made them a new speech. After warning them, that a neglect of this opportunity would never be VOL. VIII. retrieved,

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CHAP. retrieved, he added these words: "I did promise LXVIII. you the fullest satisfaction, which your hearts "could wish, for the security of the protestant re"ligion, and to concur with you in any remedies, "which might consist with preserving the suc❝cession of the crown in its due and legal course "of descent. I do again, with the same reserva❝tions, renew the same promises to you: And being thus ready on my part to do all that can "reasonably be expected from me, I should be glad "to know from you, as soon as may be, how far I "shall be assisted by you, and what it is you desire "from me."

THE most reasonable objection against the limitations proposed by the King, is, that they introduced too considerable an innovation in the government, and almost totally annihilated the power of the future monarch. But considering the present disposition of the commons and their leaders, we may fairly presume, that this objection would have small weight with them, and that their disgust against the court would rather incline them to diminish than support regal authority. They still hoped, from the King's urgent necessities and his usual facility, that he would throw himself wholly into their hands; and that thus, without waiting for the accession of the Duke, they might immediately render themselves Violence absolute masters of the government. The comof the mons, therefore, besides insisting still on the exclusion, proceeded to bring in bills of an important, and some of them of an alarming, nature: One to renew the triennial act, which had been so inadvertently repealed in the beginning of the reign: A second to make the office of judge during good behaviour: A third to declare the levying of money without consent of parliament to be high treason: A fourth to order an association for the safety of His Majesty's person, for defence of the protestant religion, for the preservation of the protestant subjects against

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against all invasions and opposition whatever, and CHAP. for preventing the Duke of York or any papist from LXVIII. succeeding to the crown. The memory of the covenant was too recent for men to overlook the consequences of such an association: And the King, who was particularly conversant in Davila, could not fail of recollecting a memorable foreign instance, to fortify this domestic experience.

THE Commons also passed many votes, which, though they had not the authority of laws, served however to discover the temper and disposition of the house. They voted, that whoever had advised His Majesty to refuse the exclusion-bill, were promoters of popery and enemies to the King and kingdom. In another vote, they named the Marquis of Worcester, the Earls of Clarendon, Feversham, and Halifax, Laurence Hyde, and Edward Seymour, as those dangerous enemies; and they requested His Majesty to remove them from his person and councils for ever: They voted that, till the exclusionbill were passed, they could not, consistently with the trust reposed in them, grant the King any manner of supply. And lest he should be enabled, by any other expedient, to support the government, and preserve himself independent, they passed another vote, in which they declared that whoever should hereafter lend, by way of advance, any money upon those branches of the King's revenue, arising from customs, excise, or hearth-money, should be judged a hinderer of the sitting of parliament, and be responsible for the same in parliament.

THE King might presume that the peers, who had rejected the exclusion-bill, would still continue to defend the throne, and that none of the dangerous bills, introduced into the other house, would ever be presented for the royal assent and approbation. But as there remained no hopes of bringing the commons to any better temper, and as their farther sitting served only to keep faction alive, and to per