first pages are taken up by a dissertation on gardening and "the modern taste universally adopted in the disposition of objects in parks and pleasuregrounds." Is this book also by Mr. White? CUTHBERT BEDE. ACTION OF HORSES (3rd S. xii. 328, 448.)R. B.'s observations are very correct as to the natural action of horses, but there is an artificial one I have often seen practised among the Spaniards of Manilla, as also among the Arabs of Algeria, which consists in fastening the legs of young horses so as to accustom them-without preventing their gait-to put both legs of the same side forward, instead of alternately, to walk amble. This mode, if less agreeable to the eye, is much easier to the seat. Napoleon I., especially in the latter years of his marvellous imperial career, when his body had become more unwieldy, used to ride in that way during his long weary marches in the campaign of 1814, so admirably depicted by Meissonier, with his all-observing eye, in one of those gems of his we lately saw at the Universal Exhibition in Paris. P. A. L. The answer to MR. RAMAGE'S query would depend upon the pace. Lawrence on the Structure and Economy of the Horse, 8vo, has diagrams to illustrate the different paces, which, if I remember right, are cleverly done, but it must be twenty years since I had the book in my hands. P. P. FRAYT' (3rd S. xii. 434.)—This is an abbreviation of fraytoure, fratery, the brethren's chamber, the refectory or hall of a monastic establishment. In the Glossary of Architecture, under "Fraterhouse," the following passages are quoted :— "Freytoure, refectorium."-Prompt. Parv. "Thanne ferd I in to fraytoure."-P. Ploughman's Crede, 403. "William Lord Latimer in his will, 1381, bequeaths sundry pieces of plate to the Convent at Gisburn. 'qu'ils soient en le freytoure pour servir le dit Priour et Covent perpetuelment."-Test. Ebor. p. 114. "In the south alley of the Cloysters is a large hall called the Frater-house. In this Frater-house the prior and the whole convent held the great feast of St. Cuthbert in Lent."-Antient Rites of Durham, p. 128. Sympree. I have not found another instance of the use of this word. It seems to be a corruption of saint pré, the holy ground, campo santo, which is sometimes styled the cloister-garth-"the body of Saint Cuthbert was again translated out of the cloister-garth." (Antient Rites of Durham, p. 114, quoted in Parker's Glossary). It might thus mean a churchyard or cemetery. W. E. BARKLEY. QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING (3rd S. xii. 130.) The information which ANTIQUARY requires as to the qualifications of voting under the old system will be found in the Parliamentary Return, No. 82, of 1867: "A List in alphabetical order of the Reform Bill of 1832, and stating the nature of Boroughs in England and Wales previous to the the suffrage existing in each borough." PHILIP S. KING. ROTTEN ROW (3rd S. xii. 423.)—The only places that I know of in Yorkshire where this name exists or did exist are Holbeck and Morley, near Leeds; Halifax, Otley, and Wakefield, where the old "Ratten Row" has become Bread Street. I find it said that a writer in the Archæologia, x. 61, states that the name was to be met with at three places in this county-York, Sedburgh, and Darlington. There is no Ratten Row at York, and if there is at either of the remaining places a directory does not show. There is the bare legend of the name at another place or two in this county. The fact is, that owing to the word "Ratten or "Rattan" identifying itself with Rat in the Yorkshire vernacular everywhere, the popular disposition is to get rid of the obnoxious name, and where this has not been done a "Ratten Row" with us has a degenerated deplorable aspect indeed. C. C. R. DORCHESTER, Co. OXFORD (3rd S. xii. 346.)— I apprehend the origin of the saying to which MR. BEISLY refers is about as truthful as the derivation of the name of the Isle of Thanet given by Isidore of Seville (Originum lib. ix. c. 2): Oávaros, a morte serpentum, because it inflicted death on every serpent that came within its confines. J. WILKINS, B.C.L. SAXON SPADES (3rd S. xii. 414.)—I think that M. D. is entirely mistaken in his idea of the form of the Saxon spades. Although the representation of an object may be only in outline, we must not infer that the middle is all hollow. Perhaps M. D. has concluded that they were made "so as to represent a two-pronged fork, with a sharpedged bar between the points," from the fact that the drawing which he has seen may have been devoid of shading in the centre. I wish I had the opportunity at the present moment of examining the Bayeux Tapestry, as I did with much interest some time ago. Several spades in the hands of Saxons are given there. They occur also in many old illuminations. My own feeling 66 He wrote (quoting Paper rolls also were called from of old parchments by the Ionians, because formerly, when paper was scarce, they used instead the skins of sheep and goats, on which materials many of the barbarians are even now wont to write."-Book v. chap. lviii. Herodotus is not prophesying, but speaking of things within his own actual knowledge. I apprehend that the words, "from of old," refer to times antecedent to Pindar, or 490 B.C.; and prefer the words of a contemporary historian to the conjectures of a modern critic. Homer certainly (Iliad, i. 168) shows that in his time the Greeks wrote on folding wooden tablets. J. WILKINS, B.C.L. BIBLE STATISTICS (3rd S. xii. 412.) - If ever one had to point to an instance of statistics run mad, no better example could be found than this article of PHILOBIBLUS. 1. He appears to assume that no Bibles were ever printed except by the Bible Society. others alluded to, and is confined to the shores of the United Kingdom. The loss on existing copies, even by wear and tear, will increase in proportion to the length of time since they were largely issued. How many copies now in existence will be found at the end of 1100 years? Why, they will be more valuable than an uncut Fifteener is now. Since the above was written, a friend, more conversant with statistics than I presume to be, has given me the following calculations:-The average existence of a Bible, or other book of the cheaply printed class, looking to wear and tear alone, cannot be put higher than 150 years, and is in fact of 1100 years, every copy already issued will remuch less. Consequently, before the expiration quire to have been replaced about eight times, making a tidy total of 421,000,000 copies; which divided by 860,000 issued annually during the last sixty years, would require, at the present rate of issue, a period of 408 years to replaceto say nothing of the loss which must occur in the earlier issues of the 1100 years referred to. RUSTICUS. PHILOBIBLUS is all abroad in his statistics. He makes a clerical error where, assuming that each of the 53,000,000 of Bibles already distributed has reached one reader, and one only, he gives the "remainder requiring Bibles as 999,947,000 instead of 947,000,000: but to proceed on such an assumption at all, and to carry it out by so extraordinary a process of multiplication into equivalents of time and money as that he employs, are wonderful feats of logic and arithmetic. JOB J. B. WORKARD. "ALBUMAZAR": THE TOMKINS FAMILY (3rd S. ix. 178, 259.) — MR. EDWARD F. RIMBAULT, in a note which I fancy fully settles the Shakespearian authorship of Albumazar, speaking of Tomkins, says "Tomkis is a mere clerical error," which it probably is; but in a Latin letter I possess, addressed by Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, to Justell of Paris, he says that he sends it by Dominus Tomkisonus Cantabrigiensis, a man of 2. That a Bible once issued must last for ever. great learning. I should like to know whether He makes no allowance for wear and tear, and a in writing Latin it was customary to suppress the well-used but often-thumbed Bible will not last? or are both to be considered as clerical errors? a lifetime. He makes no allowance for the fact, is it one of the musical and poetical family of I imagine, stands for Tomkinson; or that many persons have more, and frequently more, than one copy. Wilful and careless destruction he takes no note of: far less that of the loss by various accidents, by fires, hurricanes, shipwrecks, &c. Take the latter cause alone, our wreck charts give on a yearly average 1100 of these disasters. Take on an average only three Bibles lost in each, and extend it over sixty years, and you have from that cause alone a loss of about 200,000 copies; and this is but one of the smallest causes of loss, compared with the This name, Tomkins? P. A. L. LUNAR INFLUENCE (3rd S. xi. 8; xii. 444.)-I have lately met with a singular superstition respecting lunar influence, which is perhaps worth noting. During the last harvest two or three young girls were retiring to rest, and one of them was admiring the moon, which was near the full and shining brightly in at the window. On seeing this the eldest cried out, "Pull down the blind, and shut it close, or else the moon will drive us] mad. JENNER QUERIES (3rd S. xii. 423.)-Sir Thomas Jenner's wife was Anne, the daughter and heir of James Poe, the son of Dr. Leonard Poe, physician to Queen Elizabeth and her two successors; and by her he had two daughters and eleven sons, from one of whom descended Sir Herbert JennerFust, the late Dean of the Arches. See Foss's Judges of England, vii. 243. D. S. MUSICAL HISTORY (3rd S. xii. 376.)-A score of Stradella's oratorio, San Giovanni Battista, is amongst the manuscripts in the library of the Sacred Harmonic Society. Should H. E. W. desire to see it, he may do so by placing himself in communication with me. W. H. HUSK. RICHARDSONS OF RICH HILL (3rd S. xii. 286.) In answer to an inquiry in a recent "N. & Q.," I am able to state that John Richardson (the second son of Edward, who married Miss Sacheverel, and thereby acquired the Rich Hill estate, in the co. of Armagh) married Anne Beckett; who she was it seems impossible to ascertain, as no marriage settlements or other documents to establish her family connections now exist. C. M. E. YANKEES (3rd S. xii. 469, 492.)-ILIADES is entirely mistaken in supposing that I used this word in a sense as wide as the American nation. I hope I know better. The fact is that I picked up many years ago the phrase I used, "powerfully, as the Yankees say," from an esteemed friend who was born and bred in Virginia. Whether it properly belongs to the southern or north-eastern States is a question as to which ILIADES and my friend are evidently at variance; and it is not for me, who never crossed the Atlantic, talem componere litem. I am extremely sorry if my use of a phrase which has long been familiar should have given offence to any one; but I can assure ILIADES that I only used it proverbially, and without any immediate reference to any portion of the American nation. GEORGE VERE IRVING. [In the year 1828 there appeared at Portland in America, The Yankee and Boston Literary Gazette, edited by J. Neale and J. W. Miller.-ED.] In reference to the note of ILIADES, I venture to ask by what name in America the national air is called, which in this country is known as "Yankee Doodle "? Is it "Brother Jonathan Doodle"? Or if a correspondent of "N. & Q." speaks of "Yankee Doodle," does he run the risk of giving offence to ILIADES and other sensitive Americans? H. P. D. "VENICE IN 1848-9" (3rd S. xii. 414.)—The fullest account of this history is in the Life of Daniel Manin, the President of the Provisional Government, written in French by Henri Martin, and translated and published in English in 2 vols. about ten years ago. There is also an interesting account of the same from an opposite point of view in the Quarterly Review for December, 1849, containing among other things, a much fuller and fairer account of the very liberal offer made by the Austrian Government in May, 1848, offering to both Lombardy and Venetia all but merely nominal independence (more than is now enjoyed by Hungary!), and insanely rejected by the provisional governments of both, under the delusion that, by fighting it out, they would be able to gain what they have at last now, independence in name as well as reality. Yet so determined were the Italians in this view, that even the mild and estimable Count Saffi, in a long conversation with me in 1860, justified this course. For those who can read German, there is a full and probably more impartial account of the state of Venice in the Conversations-Lexicon, article Venedig." 66 There is also a very able and conciliatory "Address to the German Nation," entitled also "Germany, Austria, and Italy," in defence of the Italian Revolution, and calling on Germany to take part with, instead of against Italy, by H. Stieglitz, a German poet who, like Byron, had fixed his residence in Venice, and died there the very day the Austrians entered it, August 24, 1849. It is dated May, 1848, and is in the British Museum in Ger man and Italian. W. D. "LORD SINCLAIR AND THE MEN OF GULDBRAND DALE" (3rd S. xii. 475.) — An English version of this song was printed about fifty years ago, with its noble tune, in a Collection (or Selection) of Danish and Norwegian Melodies, folio, the pianoforte accompaniment by Stokes. Quoting the first stanza from memory, it ran thus: "Across the sea came the Sinclair brave, "GAB" (3rd S. xi. 337.)-MR. SKEAT says that the origin of this term is lost in the dimness of antiquity. It is doubtlessly Norman French, and is to be found in the same sense, namely, gaber, to talk much and idly, in the "Chanson de Roland," supposed to have been written a little before William's descent on England. HOWDEN. QUOTATION WANTED (3rd S. xi. 470.)-There are two slight inaccuracies in this answer. The lines are not in a canzonet by Lope de Vega, but in his play of El Marques de las Navas. This metre and distribution of rhyme is in Spanish called redondilla, and is constantly used by the old dramatists to conclude a scene or an act. It was the father of the late Lord Holland, not the late Lord Holland, who translated these verses in his Life of Lope de Vega. HOWDEN. GREY HORSES IN DUBLIN (3rd S. xi. 508.)This saying is certainly not confined to Dublin. I recollect when I was studying in Paris as a boy, that it was a common remark, passed into a proverb among the students of the "Pays Latin," that you could not pass the Pont Neuf without meeting a white or grey horse. HOWDEN. BISHOP OF MADURA (3rd S. xi. 510.)—Surely this is a mistake. Madura is at the extreme south of the Indian Peninsula, where Catholicism was early established, and where the Jesuits had a college. HOWDEN. DRYDEN REFERENCES (3rd S. xii. 413.) The reference is to Pliny, Nat. Hist. 1. iii. c. 9. Pliny is enumerating different cities of Latium, and continues thus: "Superque Roma ipsa cujus alterum nomen dicere arcanis cæremoniarum nefas habebatur: optimaque et salutari fide abolitum enuntiavit Valerius Soranus, luitque mox pœnas." The real name, according to Macrobius, was kept secret from the notion that no city could be taken till its tutelar gods had first been called from it, and in this evocation the real name of the city had to be used. As long, therefore, as this name was kept secret, the entry was safe. Pliny speaks to much the same effect, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 4. : "Verrius Flaccus auctores ponit, quibus credat in oppugnationibus ante omnia solitum a Romanis sacerdotibus evocari Deum cujus in tutela id oppidum esset: promittique illi eundem, aut ampliorem apud Romanos cultum. Et durat in pontificum disciplina id sacrum: constatque ideo occultatum, in cujus Dei tutela Roma esset ne qui hostium simili modo agerent." From these passages it appears that not only the name of the city was kept secret, but also the name of the tutelar god, for a similar reason. The secret Latin name was said to be Valentia. The form of evocation is given by Macrobius, and one of Plutarch's Questiones Romanæ is "Cur tutelarem Romæ Deum masne sit an femina, dicere nefas est: cum Valerium Soranum male periisse narrent qui illud edidisset." (Vid. Harduin in Plin. ad loc.) D. J. K. RICHARD, KING OF THE ROMANS (3rd S. xii. 434.)-The only portrait of Richard of any description which I have hitherto seen, is that afforded by his seal, of which a very fine impression is in the Manuscript Room at the British Museum, and engravings of it (not very like) may be found in Speed's Chronicle, and Sandford's Genealogical History. An engraving of his seal figure, may be seen in Dugdale's Monasticon, voli xii. 393.) — I do not remember ever having seen "Door plates were not more brazen.* It is some years since I have been in Newark church, but I believe my memory is not playing those who appropriated sittings after the restorame false when it prompts me to say that many of tion of that noble edifice caused their crest or mo nogram to be painted below the poppyhead next which they sat. ST. SWITHIN, with the proprietor's name, in St. Nicholas's Eighteen years ago I saw such plates, engraved church, Durham. CUTHBERT BEDE Does MR. DIXON appeal to me for a reply? Then CELTIC OR ROMAN ORNAMENTS (3rd S. xii. 374) he pays me too great a compliment. Setting this aside, however, it must be obvious that the risk would be great in any one who would venture to pronounce upon the nice distinctions in Celtic or Roman ornamentation, on objects which he has not seen. In the remote periods of all ancient nations the devices were for the most part simple: and in many instances those of different nations not very dissimilar from each other when placed have been very unlike, but the style and arrange side by side. That is to say, the devices may not ment were so much so, that any casual observer would see the difference, and would readily assign one object bearing them to one nation, and another to another. The parts may be much alike, but the whole in each case very different. Dots, zigzags, spirals, circles, these simple figures are known to have been used by the people of many ancient nations, cut on rocks, or marked on their shields, weapons, trinkets, utensils, or the skin of their own bodies. But the difference between Celtic or Roman work (or that of any other people) of the ornamentation, as well as in the object on would be manifest in the style and arrangement which they are found. The articles produced at the meeting of the Swisse Romande Society are very interesting, and from MR. DIXON'S lucid description I incline to the feeling that they are not Roman; but without seeing the objects it would be hazardous to give a decided opinion as to their nationality. P. HUTCHINSON. PETER AND PATRICK (3rd S. xii. 107.)—The Editor says that in Scotland Peter is continually used as a nom d'amitie for Patrick, but the reverse never occurs. Such was my own opinion when I read the statement. I have since made inquiry on the subject, and have been assured that sometimes Patrick is used for Peter. The friend from whom I had my information knows a gentleman whose name is Peter, who is as often called D. MACPHAIL. Patrick as he is called Peter. RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN (3rd S. xii. 434.) By a fortuitous circumstance I am enabled to afford your correspondent J. A. the information he requires. In my collection I have the portrait of Sheridan, in his twenty-fifth year, painted in 1775 by Sir Joshua Reynolds, P.R.A., and to it is attached the original contract, dated the 3rd July, 1780, entered into between Sheridan as Director of the King's Opera House, of the one part, and Auguste Vestris (the celebrated dancer) of the other part, duly signed by both, stamped, and attested. In it Sheridan is described in Italian as "Impresario del Teatro dell' Opera de sua Maestà Britannica in Londra," and below in French as "Directeur de l'Opéra de Londres." The Opera House in question is the one alluded to by J. A., and an engraving of its exterior as it existed immediately before its destruction in June, 1789 (made from an original drawing by the late Wm. Capon), may be seen in Smith's Historical and Literary Curiosities (Bohn, 1840), wherein it is mentioned that Ridant's Fencing Academy was over the entrance hall, and that the front was built of red brick rusticated with good gauged work. HALTON (3rd S. xii. 373.)—There is also an Halton in Craven. S. J. BISHOP GEDDES (3rd S. xii. 383.)—I have a song-book in which the song "It was a wee bit wifikie was comin' frae the fair is ascribed to Geddes, who was a Roman Catholic bishop." I think this is a mistake; and that Geddes who wrote that humorous effusion was a Scotch Catholic priest of the same name, perhaps family, but not the bishop. S. J. "THE SABBATH" NOT MERELY A PURITAN TERM (3rd S. xi. 50, 220.)-I have recently met with a still earlier instance of the use of Sabbath for Sunday in an inventory of church plate and vestments of the year 1552, which is printed in the Ritual Blue Book, p. 149: "Item, a Coope of purpull velvett with aungells, Floweres de luces, and other Floweres theruppon for Saboth dayes." E. S. D. the word Griffin, used to designate a Welshman, GRIFFIN (3rd S. xi. 504.)—Mr. SKEAT says that is apparently a corruption of Griffith. I conceive that a much more simple and obvious derivation is the Griffin (Griffin to the vulgar eye, though Cockatrice in the Heralds' Office), which was emblazoned on the ancient shield of the Principality. HOWDEN. HAWK BELLS (3rd S. xii. 433.)-Hawking was known in England in the eighth century; for Winifred or Boniface, Archbishop of Mons, who was himself a native of England, presented to Ethelbert, King of Kent, one hawk and two falcons; and a king of the Mercians requested the same Winifred to send him two falcons that had been trained to kill cranes (Warton's Hist. Eng. Poet. vol. ii. p. 221). We have no positive information of the exact date of the introduction of hawk bells; but being such a simple contrivance, they were probably in use at a very early period. The Boke of S. Albans says: -- "There is great choice of sparrow-hawk bells, and they are cheap enough; but for gos-hawk bells, those made at Milan are called the best; and indeed, they are excellent : for they are commonly sounded with silver, and charged for accordingly. But we have good bells brought from Dordreght (Dort) which are well paired, and produce a very shrill but pleasant sound." If silver was really mixed with the metal, it certainly would not have improved their tone; though it has been a popular error that silver, mixed with the metal when bells are cast, adds much to the sweetness of the tone. The same book says that the bells should not be too heavy, to impede the flight of the bird; and that they should be of equal weight, sonorous, shrill, and musical; not both of one sound, but the one a semitone below the other. In a flight of hawks it was arranged that the different bells varied in |