which some of the corrections are due. The German version is naturally the more leisurely performance : it is the work of a man whose whole life was given (as Mr Kennedy's was not) to philological studies. Yet the comparison is not, on the whole, to the disadvantage of our countryman, whose judgment often strikes me as superior to Benseler's in the choice of conflicting interpretations. I can scarcely venture to criticise German style; but apart from its great accuracy Benseler's translation appears to me to be both picturesque and suggestive, and I have sometimes quoted from it.

The Orators have been specially reperused for the purposes of this volume and of kindred studies; and it is hoped that something appreciable in amount has been added to the illustrative quotations which, like the edicta translaticia of the Roman praetors, have been handed on as common material from one Variorum edition to another. This will be found to be more particularly the case with the Timocrates, the industry of Funkhaenel having already done so much for the Androtion. The aim has been to illustrate Demosthenes as much as possible from himself; his self-laudations are checked by the invectives of Aeschines, Deinarchus, and Hypereides; among the other orators Andocides, Lysias, and Isaeus are especially valuable as sources of Attic law; and he sometimes pays Isocrates the compliment of imitating him. The Orators are quoted uniformly from

the editions in the Teubner series. To the sections (SS) of this series, which are those of Bekker's Berlin edition, have been added, in the case of Demosthenes, the usually cited pages (Reiske's). In referring to the less voluminous orators, or to the two speeches contained in this book, the pages are omitted'. The Dramatists are cited from the fifth edition of Dindorf's Poetae Scenici, 1869; Grote's History from the eight-volume edition of 1862 (earlier and later are in twelve). Other editions do not require to be specified, or are included in the Select List of Books appended to this Preface.

The grammatical references are mostly to Madvig's Syntax, translated by Browne, and to Prof. W. W. Goodwin's Moods and Tenses, both works remarkable for their common-sense treatment of syntactical questions2: sometimes to the larger materials of Jelf, after Kühner.

1 The sections of the Berlin edition are now invariably used in foreign books of reference, e.g. Pauly, or Daremberg and Saglio, and latterly in this country as well, e.g. by Paley and Sandys. English scholars of the last generation, such as Thirlwall and Grote in their histories, Shilleto in his de Falsa Legatione, followed the more minute subdivisions of the Oxford Bekker: and as Shilleto's book is in the hands of most students of Demosthenes, I have usually given the double reference in quoting from that speech, e.g. F. L. p. 413 § 230=255. In these cases the higher number is Shilleto's (Oxford), the lower Teubner's (= Berlin).

2 No one, it is to be hoped, now believes that el σov σтερη0ŵ Soph. Oed. Col. 1443 occupies a 'category of modality' between εἰ στερηθείην and ἢν στερηθῶ: see note on T. § 39.

I am indebted to the kindness of my friend Mr Sandys, Public Orator in the University, for the loan of some valuable tracts on Greek Law and the knowledge of others.

LONDON,

October, 1882.

W. W.

ERRATA.

The following are believed to be the only ones which affect the sense they may be thought worth correcting with the pen before using the book:

In A. § 34, note on pevaкičev, line 7 from end should read · φενακ. τι and φενακ. τινά τι are rarer.

In T. § 169, first note, line 2, read from one of us common folk.'

SELECT LIST OF EDITIONS, DISSERTATIONS

AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE

ON THE TWO SPEECHES INCLUDED IN THIS VOLUME.

TEXTS.

(1) J. G. BAITER and H. SAUPPE. Oratores Attici; in one volume 4to, Zurich, 1850. (2) IMM. BEKKER. Demosthenis Orationes; stereotyped edition, 8vo. Leipzig, 1854. [Earlier editions, not here referred to, Oxford, 1822, and Berlin, 1824]. (3) W. DINDORF. Demosthenis Orationes, editio tertia correctior; (Teubner) Leipzig, 1855 [reprinted in subsequent years and apparently stereotyped. Impressions of different dates show the same misprints. Earlier editions, not here referred to, Leipzig, 1825, Oxford, 1846]. (4) G. E. BENSELER. Demosthenes' Werke. Griechisch und Deutsch, mit kritischen und erklärenden Anmerkungen, 10ter Theil, Reden gegen Androtion und Timokrates, Leipzig, 1861. [His acknowledged work, though without his name in the title-page.]

(1) G. H. SCHAEFER. Apparatus criticus ad Demosthenem; London, 1824-7. [After Reiske. This is the "variorum" edition usually to be met with in this country. There is another by G. S. Dobson, London, 1828, xvi. vols.] (2) W. DINDORF. Demosthenes ex recensione Gulielmi Dindorfii; Oxford (1849), Vol. vi. Annotationes interpretum ad Or. 20—26. (3) WHISTON, R. Demosthenes, with an English Commentary [in Long and Macleane's Bibliotheca Classica. Unfinished; vol. II. (1863) contains Or. — XXVI. ].

XIX

II. SPECIAL.

C. H. FUNKHAENEL. Demosthenis Oratio in Androtionem ; Leipzig, 1832.

LEXICOGRAPHY AND TEXTUAL CRITICISM.

(1) HARPOCRATION. Méĝeis tŵv déka pntópρwv, ed. W. Dindorf; Oxford, 1853. (2) T. MITCHELL (after Reiske). Indices Graecitatis in Oratores Atticos; 2 vols. Oxford, 1828. [Uniform with the Oxford edition of Bekker's Oratores Attici]. Index Graecitatis Isocraticae; Oxford, 1828. [Uniform with the above]. (3) P. P. DOBREE. Adversaria; cura Scholefield; Cambridge, 1833 (ed. Wagner, Leipzig, 1875). (4) C. G. COBET. (a) Variae Lectiones. Editio secunda auctior, Leyden, 1873. (b) Novae Lectiones; Leyden, 1858. (c) Miscellanea Critica; Leyden, 1876. (5) J. N. MADVIG. Adversaria Critica; vol. 1. In Scriptores Graecos; Copenhagen, 1871.

DEMOSTHENIC LITERATURE.

I. GENERAL.

(1) ARNOLD SCHAEFER. Demosthenes und seine Zeit. 3 vols., esp. vol. 1. ch. 3, pp. 308-353 and vol. III. part 2, Beilagen, pp. 63-65, Leipzig, 1856-58. (2) F. BLASS. Die Attische Beredsamkeit, 3te Abtheilung, 1ter Abschnitt. Demosthenes, esp. pp. 226-231, 244-251, Leipzig, 1877. (3) R. C. JEBB. The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus. 2 vols., London, 1876. [Demosthenes only incidentally]. (4)_S. H. BUTCHER. Demosthenes [in Classical Writers, ed. by J. R. Green], London, 1881. (5) J. P. MAHAFFY. (a) History of Classical Greek Literature, London, 1880. Vol. II. (Prose Authors), esp. ch. 11 (Demosthenes) and 12 (Contemporary Orators). (b) Social Life in Greece, ed. 3, London, 1877. [Drawn largely from the Private Orations].

II. SPECIAL.

(1) C. L. BLUME. Prolegom. ad Dem. orationem Timocrateam tria capita priora, Berlin, 1823, pp. 48. [An inaugural dissertation on the Panathenaea of § 26; now out of print. Some others of the following tracts I have been unable to get a sight of, but think it best to make the list as complete as possible. All the periodicals here mentioned have been consulted]. (2) C. H. FUNKHAENEL. Symbolae criticae in Demosthen. IV. in Orat. c. Timocratem. In Zeitschrift für die Alterthumsw. 1842, pp. 311-316. [Superseded by later editions]. (3) T. H. DYER. On a passage in Dem.'s Oration against Timocrates. In Classical Museum, II. 119-121, London, 1845. [Proposes a transposition of § 5, placing it before §§ 3 and 4. But this will not remove the difficulties of the first 16 §§: see Introd.] (4) A. WESTERMANN. (a) Untersuchungen über die in die Attische Redner eingelegten Urkunden. pp. 136, Leipzig, 1850. (b) Commentatio de iurisiurandi iudicum Atheniensium formula quae exstat in Demosthenis oratione in Timocratem. Pars I. pp. 20, г. рр. 16, ш. pp. 14, Leipzig, 1858-9. [Three Academical Programmes. Westermann's criticism led the way to the total rejection of the authenticity of the "inserted documents"]. (5) F. K. HERTLEIN. Coniecturen zu Griech. Prosaikern. Wertheim, 1862. [Programme of a Lyceum. Among the passages are Androt. § 37 and Timocr. § 16]. (6) RUD. DAHMS. (a) Studia Demosthenica (zur Rede gegen Timokrates), pp. 40, Berlin, 1866. [Programme]. (b) Emendationes Demosthenicae. In the Jahrbücher für classische Philologie, vol. 93, pp. 674-8, Leipzig (Teubner), 1866. [The following are the conjectures best worth notice: Androt. § 33, Tavтà díкaιa (for Taûra), Timocr. § 201 πάντες οἳ ἂν που (for ὅταν που). The last is a decided improvement]. (7) J. B. TÉLFY. Das πроσкатάẞλnua (Timocr. §§ 96-98). In Philologus 1860, vol. xvi. pp. 365–368. [An improbable suggestion that pooкатάßλημа was an extra percentage paid by the farmers of the revenue]. (8) H. FROHBERGER.

Annotationes

ad oratores Atticos. In Philologus 1870, vol. 29, pp. 633—5. [Wishes to read οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι Τ. § 200, retaining ἀποτρέψομαι in §§ 1, 104].