GREEK LAW.

(1) J. B. TÉLFY. Corpus Iuris Attici. Pesth, 1868. (2) G. F. SCHOEMANN. De Comitiis Atheniensium. Halle, 1819. (On the Assemblies of the Athenians, transl. by F. A. P., Cambridge, 1838.) [Quoted by the pages of the original, which are also marked in the English edition]. (b) Griechische Alterthümer, 3rd. ed. Berlin, 1871. Vol. 1. (the State) transl. by E. G. Hardy and J. S. Mann, London, 1880. Vol. 11. preparing. (c) MEIER and SCHOEMANN. Der Attische Process. Halle, 1824. [A new edition by H. Lipsius, much needed, is now coming out in parts. One part only has appeared]. (3) A. BOECKH. Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener, 2nd ed. 1851. (Public Economy of Athens: translated from the 1st German ed. by Sir George Cornewall Lewis, 2nd ed., London, 1842.) [This is the edition referred to; the 2nd Germ. ed. was translated by Lamb, Boston, U. s., 1857]. (4) K. F. HERMANN. Griechische Staatsalterthümer. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, 1841. (5) C. R. KENNEDY. (a) Notes (pp. 124–283) to Transl. of Select Speeches, London, 1841. [A scarce and valuable book; the notes are not reprinted in the collective edition]. (b) The Orations of Dem. translated with notes and dissertations. 5 vols. London, 1880. (6) V. CUCHE VAL. Étude sur les Tribunaux Athéniens et les Plaidoyers Civils de Démosthène, par Victor Cucheval, Professeur au Lycée Bonaparte. Paris (Durand), 1863. (7) G. PERROT. Essai sur le Droit Public d' Athènes. Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie Française. Paris (Thorin), 1869.

Also articles in the following Dictionaries of Antiquities:

(8) AUG. PAULY. Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft. 6 vols. in 8 parts, Stuttgart, 1837-56. [A new edition on an enlarged scale of vol. 1. A-B, Stuttgart, 1864. Greek Law mostly by Ant. Westermann].

(9) W. SMITH. Dictionary of Gr. and Rom. Antiq., 2nd ed. London, 1848, reprinted in subsequent years. [Greek Law mostly by C. R. Kennedy, J. S. Mansfield, R. Whiston. A new edition preparing. Joint Editor, W. Wayte].

(10) DAREMBERG and SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines, parts 1-6, A-CAS, pp. 1-960, Paris (Hachette), 1873-9. [Greek Law by E. Caillemer. The publication of this magnificent work is unfortunately suspended].

MSS. OF DEMOSTHENES CONTAINING

OR. XXII. AND OR. XXIV.

Σ (or S) in the Paris Library (No. 2934), on parchment, forma maxima; century X. "Primae quidem classis unus superest Parisinus S." Dindorf. Praef. ed. Oxon. p. vi. By far the best, and now recognised as the proper basis of the text; for limitations to this doctrine, see the Preface.

F. Marcianus 416, in the Library of St Mark at Venice, on parchment, forma maxima; century XI. The best Ms. of the second group or family (Dindorf, ubi supra) but closely followed by B.

T (or Y) MS., Par. 2935: on parchment, forma maxima.

(or O). In the Jesuits' Library at Antwerp (No. 43), on paper, forma maxima. The nearest approach to Z, according to Bekker.

k. MS. Par. 2998: on cotton paper (bombycinus), forma quadrata; century XIV. Closely approaches A1.

r. MS. Par. 2936: on parchment, forma maxima; century XIII.

S. MS. Par. 2940: on cotton paper (bombycinus), forma quadrata. Agrees generally with A1 and k.

t. MS. Par. 2294: on parchment.

v. In the Paris Library (MS. Coislin. 339), on parchment.

Bm. [i.e. the second of eight MSS. named after Morel, the Paris printer of the 16th century, and collated by Lambinus]. MS. Par. 2993.

em. [fifth in the Morel series]. MS. Par. 3000.

A1. Augustanus primus, formerly at Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum), now in the Royal Library at Munich (No. 485), on thick parchment, paene quadratus. Reiske made it the basis of his edition, and assigned it to century X. or XI.: Dindorf says XI., the Zurich editors XII. The principal мs. of the third or most widely-diffused group: see k and s.

B. Bavaricus, at Munich (No. 85), on cotton paper (bombycinus), forma maxima; century XIII. Shares with F the primacy of the second class.

γρ.

A contraction for ypáperaι, the note of various readings. Öf the above мss., t, ẞm and em contain the Androtion but not the Timocrates.

As a general rule, only those various readings are noticed which have found favour with one of the four editors whose texts are collated. But in one or two instances attention has been called to neglected readings: and the mistakes and eccentricities of Σ have been freely exposed as a warning against excessive deference to its authority.

INTRODUCTION

ΤΟ

OR. XXII.

ΚΑΤΑ ΑΝΔΡΟΤΙΩΝΟΣ.

THE speech against Androtion, B.C. 355, marks a distinct stage both in the outward career and the intellectual growth of the orator, as his earliest forensic speech1 in a public cause, and the first in which he shows the full maturity of his powers. It precedes by a year his first recorded appearance as an adviser of the people in a strictly political harangue, the speech Tepì Tov popo (B.C. 354). But we see already the transition from the private practice of the Aoyóypapos to the public status of the ῥήτωρ or politician. The γραφὴ παρανόμων or indictment for an unconstitutional proposal formed a meetingpoint between law and politics; the elastic state of the law favoured the decision of legal questions on party grounds; and, as at various periods of English history, political differences found their natural arena in the law

courts.

1 λόγος δικανικός.

2 δημόσιος.

3 συμβουλευτικός.

Into this arena Demosthenes now descended as a trained combatant. According to the most probable date of his birth he would now be just twenty-nine years of age'. His entrance into public life (marked by A. Schaefer and Blass as the second period of his career) coincides with the disastrous close of the Social War. The revived naval supremacy had been again lost; the orators of the peace party were discredited; and Demosthenes came forward as the advocate of an imperial policy. His position was already apart from that of all the rest. Eubulus the leading orator of this party, and Phocion who lent it respectability, had their opponents among the other orators: and Demosthenes was ready to avail himself of help from any quarter against the predominant majority. But his quarrel was with the entire system, not merely with individual politicians; all were alike responsible for the abuses of the Theoric fund', for the fatal stimulus given to the pleasure-loving, home-keeping instincts of the Athenian people, and to their dislike of personal service; all alike, in his view, fattened on the public plunder. Demosthenes had to educate, not his party, but his countrymen. Hence his repeated allusions to the glories of the past; to the days when "the public

1 His birth is fixed with tolerable certainty at B. c. 384, i.e. either in the last months of Ol. 98, 4, the archonship of Dexitheus, or the first of Ol. 99, 1, the archonship of Diotrephes. The Androtionea belongs to the early part of Ol. 106, 2, the archonship of Callistratus (not the orator, see § 66 n.), i.e. July or August 355. Androtion's motion to crown the senate was at the close of the old year, the trial at the beginning of the new. It is important to remember that the Athenian year began at the first new moon after the summer solstice, or, speaking roughly, about July.

2 § 37 n.

3 Grote, ch. 87, viii. 32.

4 Timocr. § 134.

5 Androt. §§ 65-68.

service was the only holiday"" to the Athenians whose degenerate descendants would now neither fight themselves nor pay others to fight for them3. He does not, like many opposition speakers, confiue himself to negative criticism. In this speech, and in others of the same group "against bad legislation," the Leptines, the Timocrates, he is the exponent of a formed policy. "Even when he is writing for others, himself remaining behind the scenes, the voice is still that of Demosthenes. His strong personality, his sincerity of conviction, breaks through dramatic disguises."

Androtion, the defendant on this occasion, had been a prominent politician for thirty years. That he must have been advanced in life is clear not merely from this circumstance, but from what we are told of his associates Glauketes and Melanopus and of his father Andron. The latter is certainly to be identified with the Andron, son of Androtion, who is named among the σopoì assembled in the house of Callias, Plat. Protag. 315 c (comp. Gorg. 487 B), and who must have been already a grown man at the breaking-out of the Peloponnesian war®. The political example set by Andron to his son was not edifying. Having himself taken part in the government of the Four Hundred, B.C. 411, he came forward as the accuser of Antiphon and Archeptolemus, who were made scapegoats for the rest, and actually moved the decree by

1 Thucyd. Ι. 70, § 9, μήτε ἑορτὴν ἄλλο τι ἡγεῖσθαι ἢ τὸ τὰ δέοντα πρᾶξαι.

6 "The Protagoras points to the 87th Olympiad, B.C. 432-429:" Prof. Brandis, quoted in my note on Protag. 327 D.

W. D.