Callen. by which they agreed each to give lectures alternately on the theory and on the practice of physic during their joint lives, the longest survivor being allowed to hold either of the classes he should incline. In consequence of this agreement, Dr Cullen delivered the first course of lectures on the practice of physic in winter 1766, and Dr Gregory succeeded him in that branch the following year. Never perhaps did a literary arrangement take place that could have proved more beneficial to the students than this. Both these men possessed great talents, though of a kind extremely dissimilar. Both of them had certain failings or defects, which the other was aware of, and counteracted. Each of them knew and respected the talents of the other. They co-operated, therefore, in the happiest manner, to enlarge the understanding, and to forward the pursuits of their pupils. Unfortunately this arrangement was soon destroyed by the unexpected death of Dr Gregory, who was cut off in the flower of life by a sudden and unforeseen event. After this time, Cullen continued to give lectures on the practice of physic till a few months before his death, which happened on the 5th of February 1790, in the 77th year of his age.

men may

In drawing the character of Dr Cullen, his biographer, Dr Anderson observes, that in scientific pursuits be arranged into two grand classes, which, though greatly different from each other in their extremes, yet approximate at times so near as to be blended indiscriminately together; those who possess a talent for detail, and those who are endowed with the faculty of arrangement. The first may be said to view objects individually as through a microscope. The field of vision is confined; but the objects included within that field, which must usually be considered singly and apart from all others, are seen with a wondrous degree of accuracy and distinctness. The other takes a sweeping view of the universe at large, considers every object he perceives, not individually, but as a part of one harmonious whole: His mind is therefore not so much employed in examining the separate parts of this individual object, as in tracing its relations, connections, and dependencies on those around it.

Such was the turn of Cullen's mind. The talent for arrangement was that which peculiarly distinguished him from the ordinary class of mortals; and this talent he possessed perhaps in a more distinguished degree than any other person of the age in which he lived. Many persons exceeded him in the minute knowledge of particular departments, who, knowing this, naturally looked upon him as their inferior; but possessing not at the same time that glorious faculty, which, "with an eye wide roaming, glances from the earth to heaven," or the charms which this talent can infuse into congenial minds, felt disgust at the pre-eminence he obtained, and astonishment at the means by which he obtained it. An Aristotle and a Bacon have had their talents in like manner appreciated; and many are the persons who can neither be exalted to sublime ideas with Homer, nor ravished with the natural touches of a Shakespeare. Such things are wisely ordered, that every department in the universe may be properly filled by those who have talents exactly suited to the task assigned them by heaven.

Had Cullen, however, possessed the talents for arrangement alone, small would have been his title to

24

that high degree of applause he has attained. With Cullen. out a knowledge of facts, a talent for arrangement produces nothing but chimeras; without materials to work upon, the structures which an over-heated imagination may rear up are merely "the baseless fabric of a vision." No man was more sensible of the justness of this remark than Dr Cullen, and few were at greater pains to avoid it. His whole life, indeed, was employed, almost without interruption, in collecting facts. Whether he was reading, or walking, or conversing, these were continually falling into his way. With the keen perception of an eagle, he marked them at the first glance; and without stopping at the time to examine them, they were stored up in his memory, to be drawn forth as occasion required, to be confronted with other facts that had been obtained after the same manner, and to have their truth ascertained, or their falsity proved by the evidence which should appear when carefully examined at the impartial bar of justice. Without a memory retentive in a singular degree, this could not have been done; but so very extraordinary was Dr Cullen's memory, that till towards the very decline of life, there was scarcely a fact that had ever occurred to him which he could not readily recollect, with all its concomitant circumstances, whenever he had occasion to refer to it. It was this faculty which so much abridged his labour in study, and enabled him so hap pily to avail himself of the labour of others in all his li terary speculations. He often reaped more by the conversation of an hour than another man would have done in whole weeks of laborious study.

same.

In his prelections, Dr Cullen never attempted to read. His lectures were delivered viva voce, without having been previously put into writing, or thrown into any particular arrangement. The vigour of his mind was such, that nothing more was necessary than a few short notes before him, merely to prevent him from varying from the general order he had been accustomed to observe. This gave to his discourses an ease, a vivacity, a variety, and a force, that are rarely to be met with in academical discourses. His lectures, by consequence, upon the same subject, were never exactly the Their general tenor indeed was not much varied; but the particular illustrations were always new, well suited to the circumstances that attracted the general attention of the day, and were delivered in the particular way that accorded with the cast of mind the prelector found himself in at the time. To these circumstances must be ascribed that energetic artless elocution, which rendered his lectures so generally captivating to his hearers. Even those who could not follow him in those extensive views his penetrating mind glanced at, or who were not able to understand those apt allusions to collateral objects which he could only rapidly point at as he went along, could not help being warmed in some measure by the vivacity of his manner. But to those who could follow him in his rapid career, the ideas he suggested were so numerous, the views he laid open were so extensive, and the objects to be attained were so important-that every active faculty of the mind was roused; and such an ardour of enthusiasm was excited in the prosecution of study, as appeared to be perfectly inexplicable to those who were merely unconcerned spectators. In consequence of this unshackled freedom in the composition and delivery of his lec

tures,

he was tall and thin, stooping much about the shoulders; Cullen, and when he walked he had a contemplative look, Culloden. seemingly regarding little the objects around him. According to the observation of one who was well acquainted with the character of Cullen, he was eminently distinguished as a professor for three things. "The energy of his mind, by which he viewed every subject with ardour, and combined it immediately with the whole of his knowledge.

Cullen. tures, every circumstance was in the nicest unison with the tone of voice and expression of countenance, which the particular cast of mind he was in at the time inspired. Was he joyous, all the figures introduced for il lustration were fitted to excite hilarity, and good bumour: was he grave, the objects brought under view were of a nature more solemn and grand: and was he peevish, there was a peculiarity of manner in thought, in word, and in action, which produced a most striking and interesting effect. The languor of a nerveless uniformity was never experienced, nor did an abortive attempt to excite emotions that the speaker himself could not at the time feel, ever produce those discordant ideas which prove disgusting and unpleasing.

It would seem as if Dr Cullen had considered the proper business of a preceptor to be that of putting his pupils into a proper train of study, so as to enable them to prosecute those studies at a future period, and to carry them on much farther than the short time allowed for academical prelections would admit. He did not, therefore, so much strive to make those who attended his lectures deeply versed in the particular details of objects, as to give them a general view of the whole subject; to shew what had been already attained respecting it; to point out what remained yet to be discovered; and to put them into a train of study that should enable them at a future period, to remove those difficulties that had hitherto obstructed our progress, and thus to advance themselves to farther and farther degrees of perfection. If these were his views, nothing could be more happily adapted to them than the mode he invariably pursued. He first drew, with the striking touches of a master, a rapid and general outline of the subject, by which the whole figure was seen at once to start boldly from the canvas, distinct in all its parts, and unmixed with any other object. He then began anew to retrace the picture, to touch up the lesser parts, and to finish the whole in as perfect a manner as the state of our knowledge at the time would permit. Where materials were wanting, the picture there continued to remain imperfect. The wants were thus rendered obvious; and the means of supplying these were pointed out with the most careful discrimination. The student whenever he looked back to the subject, perceived the defects; and his hopes being awakened, he felt an irresistible impulse to explore that hitherto untrodden path which had been pointed out to him, and fill up the chasm which still remained. Thus were the active faculties of the mind most powerfully excited; and instead of labouring himself to supply deficiencies that far exceeded the power of any one man to accomplish, he set thousands at work to fulfil the task, and put them into a train of going on with it.

It was to these talents, and to this mode of applying them, that Dr Cullen owed his celebrity as a professor; and it was in this manner that he has perhaps done more towards the advancement of science than any other man of his time, though many individuals might perhaps be found who were more deeply versed in the particular departments he taught than he himself was.

Dr Cullen's external appearance, though striking and not unpleasing, was not elegant. He had an expressive countenance and a lively eye. In his person

"The scientific arrangement which he gave to his subject, by which there was a lucidus ordo to the dullest scholar. He was the first person in this country who made chemistry cease to be a chaos.

"A wonderful art of interesting the students in every thing which he taught, and of raising an emulative enthusiasm among them." Life of Dr Cullen, by Dr Anderson, in the Bee.

CULLODEN, a place in Scotland within two miles of Inverness, chiefly remarkable for a complete victory gained over the rebels on the 16th of April 1746. That day the royal army, commanded by the duke of Cumberland, began their march from Nairn, formed into five lines of three battalions each; headed by Major-general Huske on the left, Lord Sempill on the right, and Brigadier Mordaunt in the centre; flanked by the horse under the generals Hawley and Bland, who at the same time covered the cannon on the right and left. In this order they marched about eight miles, when a detachment of Kingston's horse, and of the Highlanders, having advanced before the rest of the army, discovered the van of the rebels commanded by the young Pretender. Both armies immediately formed in the order and numbers shown in the annexed scheme.

About two in the afternoon the rebels began to cannonade the king's army; but their artillery being ill served, did little execution; while the fire from their enemies was severely felt, and occasioned great disorder. The rebels then made a push at the right of the royal army, in order to draw the troops forward; but finding themselves disappointed, they turned their whole force on the left; falling chiefly on Barrel's and Munro's regiments, where they attempted to flank the king's front line. But this design also was defeated by the advancing of Wolfe's regiment, while in the mean time the cannon kept playing upon them with cartridge-shot. General Hawley, with some Highlanders, had opened a passage through some stone walls to the right for the horse which advanced on that side; while the horse on the king's right wheeled off upon their left, dispersed their body of reserve, and met in the centre of their front line in their rear; when being repulsed in the front, and great numbers of them cut off, the rebels fell into very great confusion. A dreadful carnage was made by the cavalry on their backs; however, some part of the foot still preserved their order; but Kingston's horse, from the reserve, gallopped up briskly, and falling upon the fugitives, did terrible execution. A total defeat instantly took place, with the loss of 2500 killed, wounded, and prisoners, on the part of the rebels, while the royalists lost not above 200. The young Pretender had his horse shot under him during the engagement; and after the battle retired to the B 2

house

Culm.

Culloden, house of a factor of Lord Lovat, about ten miles from Inverness, where he staid that night. Next day he set out for Fort-Augustus, from whence he pursued his journey through wild deserts with great difficulty and distress, till at last he safely reached France, as related under the article BRITAIN, N° 423. (A).

CULM, or CULMUS, among botanists, a straw or haulm; defined by Linnæus to be the proper trunk of the grasses, which elevates the leaves, flower, and fruit.

This sort of trunk is tubular or hollow, and has frequently knots or joints distributed at proper distances through its whole length. The leaves are long, sleek, and placed either near the roots in great numbers, or proceed singly from the different joints of the stalk, which they embrace at the base, like a sheath or glove.

The haulm is commonly garnished with leaves: sometimes, however, it is naked; that is, devoid of leaves, as in a few species of cypress-grass. Most grasses have a round cylindrical stalk; in some species of schoenus, scirpus, cypress-grass, and others, it is triangular.

The stalk is sometimes entire, that is, has no branches; sometimes branching, as in schoenus aculeatus et capensis; and not seldom consists of a number of scales which lie over each other like tiles.

Lastly, in a few grasses the stalk is not interrupted with joints, as in the greater part. The space contained betwixt every two knots or joints, is termed by botanists internodium and articulus culmi.

This species of trunk often affords certain marks of distinction in discriminating the species. Thus, in the genus eriocaulon, the species are scarce to be distinguished

guished but by the angles of the culms or stalks. These in some species are in number 5, in others 6, and in others 10.

CULMIFEROUS PLANTS, (from culmus, a straw or haulm) plants so called, which have a smooth jointed stalk, usually hollow, and wrapped about at each joint with single, narrow, sharp-pointed leaves, and the seeds contained in chaffy husks; such are oats, wheat, barley, rye, and the other plants of the natural family of the GRASSES.

CULMINATION, in Astronomy, the passage of any heavenly body over the meridian, or its greatest altitude for that day.

CULPRIT, a term used by the clerk of the arraignments, when a person is indicted for a criminal matter. See PLEA to Indictment, par. II.

CULROSS, a royal borough town in Scotland, situated on the river Forth, about 23 miles north-west of Edinburgh. Here is a magnificent house, which was built about the year 1590 by Edward Lord Kinloss, better known in England by the name of Lord Bruce, slain in the noted duel between him and Sir Edward Sackville. Some poor remains of the Cistercian abbey are still to be seen here, founded by Malcolm earl of Fife in 1217. The church was jointly dedicated to the Virgin and St Serf confessor. The revenue at the dissolution was 768 pounds Scots, besides the rents paid in kind. The number of monks, exclusive of the abbot, was nine. Population 1611 in 1811. W. Long. 3. 34. N. Lat. 56. 8.

CULVERIN, a long slender piece of ordnance or artillery, serving to carry a ball to a great distance. Manege derives the word from the Latin colubrina : others from coluber, "snake;" either on account of the length and slenderness of the piece, or of the ravages it makes.

There are three kinds of culverins, viz. the extraordinary, the ordinary, and the least sized. 1. The culverin extraordinary has 5 inches bore; its length 32 calibers, or 13 feet; weighs 4800 pounds; its load above 12 pounds; carries a shot 5 inches diameter, weighing 20 pounds weight. 2. The ordinary culverin is 12 feet long; carries a ball of 17 pounds 5 ounces; caliber 54 inches; its weight 4500 pounds. 3. The culverin of the least size, has its diameter 5 inches; is 12 feet long; weighing about 4000 pounds; carries a shot 3 inches diameter, weighing 14 pounds 9 ounces.

CULVERTAILED, among shipwrights, signifies the fastening or letting of one timber into another, so that they cannot slip out, as the corlings into the beams of a ship.

CUMA, or CUME, in Ancient Geography, a town of Eolia in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 350 years. They were called Cumani.

CUMÆ, or CUMA, in Ancient Geography, a city of Campania near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cuma of Eolia before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called Cumai. One of the Sibyls fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the Cumean Sibyl.

CUMBERLAND, CUMBRIA, so denominated from

land

Cuneus.

the Cumbri, or Britons, who inhabited it; one of the Cumbermost northerly counties in England. It was formerly a kingdom, extending from the vallum of Adrian to the city of Dumbritton, now Dumbarton on the frith of Clyde in Scotland. At present it is a county of England, which gives the title of duke to one of the royal family, and sends two members to parliament. It is bounded on the north and north-west by Scotland; on the south and south-east by part of Lancashire and Westmoreland: it borders on the cast with Northumberland and Durham; and on the west is washed by the Irish sea. Its extreme length is 72 miles, its greatest breadth 38, and it incloses an area of 1516 square miles, or 970,240 acres. It is well watered with rivers, lakes, and fountains; but none of its streams are navigable. In some places there are very high mountains, and the climate is moist, as in all hilly countries. The soil varies with the face of the country; being barren on the moors and mountains, but fertile in the valleys and level ground bordering on the sea. In general, the eastern parts of the shire are barren and desolate yet even the least fertile parts are rich in metals and minerals. The mountains of Copland contain copper, though now little worked. Veins of the same metal, with a mixture of gold and silver, were found in the reign of Queen Elizabeth among the fells of Derwent; and royal mines were formerly wrought at Keswick. The county produces great quantities of coal: it abounds with lead mines, has a mine of black lead, and several mines of lapis calaminaris. The population in 1811 was 133,744. See CUMBERLAND, SUPPLEMENT.

CUMBERLAND, Richard, a learned English divine in the end of the 17th century, was son of a citizen of London, and educated at Cambridge. In 1672 he published a Treatise of the Laws of Nature; and in 1686, An Essay toward the Jewish Weights and Measures. After the Revolution he was nominated by King William to the bishopric of Peterborough. He wrote on history, chronology, and philosophy; and was as remarkable for humility of mind, benevolence of temper, and innocence of life, as for his extensive. learning. He died in 1718.

CUMBRAY, GREAT and LITTLE, two islands in the frith of Clyde, in Scotland. The first is about six miles in circumference, and lies between the isle of Bute and the coast of Ayrshire. The other is of smaller extent, and has a light-house.

CUMINUM, CUMIN; a genus of plants belonging to the pentandria class; and in the natural method ranking under the 45th order, umbellatæ. See BOTANY Index.

CUNÆUS, PETER, born in Zealand in 1586, was distinguished by his knowledge in the learned langua ges, and his skill in the Jewish antiquities. He also studied law, which he taught at Leyden in 1615; and read politics there till his death in 1638. His principal work is a treatise, in Latin, on the republic of the Hebrews.

CUNEIFORM, in general, an appellation given to any body having the shape of a wedge.

CUNEIFORM Bone, in Anatomy, the seventh bone of the cranium, called also os basilare, and os sphenoides. See ANATOMY Index.

CUNEUS, in antiquity, a company of infantry drawn

Cuneus drawn up in form of a wedge, the better to break
W through the enemy's ranks.
Cunning- CUNICULUS. See LEPUS, MAMMALIA Index.

ham.

CUNICULUS, in mining, a term used by authors in distinction from puteus, to express the several sorts of passages and cuts in these subterranean works. The cuniculi are those direct passages in mines where they walk on horizontally; but the putei are the perpendicular cuts or descents. The miners in Germany call these by the name stollen, and schachts; the first word expressing the horizontal, and the second the perpendicular cuts.

CUNILA, a genus of plants belonging to the monandria class; and in the natural method ranking under the 42d order, Verticillata. See BOTANY Index. CUNINA, in Mythology, a goddess who had the care of little children.

CUNITZ, or CUNITIA, MARIA, astronomer, was the eldest daughter of Hendric Cunitz, doctor of medicine in Silesia, and was born about the beginning of the 17th century. She learned languages with amazing facility; and understood Polish, German, French, Italian, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. She attained a knowledge of the sciences with equal ease : she was skilled in history, physic, poetry, painting, music, and playing upon instruments; and yet these were only an amusement. She more particularly applied herself to the mathematics, and especially to astronomy, which she made her principal study, and was ranked in the number of the most able astronomers of her time. Her Astronomical Tables acquired her a prodigious reputation: she printed them in Latin and German, and dedicated them to the emperor Ferdinand III. She married Elias de Lewin, M. D. and died at Pistehen in 1664.

CUNNINGHAM, one of the four bailiwicks in Scotland; and one of the three into which the shire of Ayr is subdivided. It lies north-east of Kyle. It contains the sea-port towns of Irvine and Saltcoats.

CUNNINGHAM, Alexander, author of a History of Great Britain from the Revolution to the accession of George I. was born in the south of Scotland about the year 1654, in the regency of Oliver Cromwell. His father was minister at Ettrick, in the presbytery and shire of Selkirk. He was educated, as was the custom among the Scottish presbyterian gentlemen of those times, in Holland; where he imbibed his principles of government, and lived much with the English and Scots refugees at the Hague before the revolution, particularly with the earls of Argyle and Sunderland. He came over to England with the prince of Orange, and enjoyed the confidence and intimacy of many leading men among the whig party, that is, the friends and abettors of King William and the revolution. He was employed, at different times, in the character of a travelling companion or tutor; first, to the earl of Hyndford, and his brother Mr William Carmichael, solicitor-general, in the reign of Queen Anne, for Scotland; secondly, with the lord Lorne, afterwards so well known under the name of John duke of Argyle; and thirdly, with the lord viscount Lonsdale. In his travels, we find him, at the German courts, in company with the celebrated Mr Joseph Addison, whose virtues he celebrates.

Lord Lorne, at the time he was under the tuition of Mr Cunningham, though not seventeen years of age, was colonel of a regiment, which his father, the earl of Argyle, had raised for his majesty's service in Flanders. Mr Cunningham's connection with the duke of Argyle, with whom he had the honour of maintaining an intimacy as long as he lived, together with the opportunities he enjoyed of learning, in his travels, what may be called military geography, naturally tended to qualify him for writing on military affairs.

Mr Cunningham, both when he travelled with the nobleman above mentioned, and on other occasions, was employed by the English ministry in transmitting secret intelligence to them on the most important subjects. He was also, on sundry occasions, employed by the generals of the confederate armies, to carry intelligence, and to make representations to the court of Britain. In Carstaires's State Papers, published by Dr Macormick, principal of the United College of St Andrew's, in 1774, there are two letters from our author, dated Paris the 22d and 26th of August 1701, giving an account of his conferences with the marquis de Torcy, the French minister, relative to the Scots trade with France. This commercial negotiation, from the tenor of Cunningham's letters compared with his history, appears to have been only the ostensible object of his attention: for he sent an exact account to King William, with whom he was personally acquainted, of the military preparations throughout all France.

Mr Cunningham's political friends, Argyle, Sunderland, Sir Robert Walpole, &c. on the accession of George I. sent him as British envoy to the republic of Venice. He arrived in that city in 1715; and continued there, in the character of resident, till the year 1720, when he returned again to London. He lived many years after, which he seems chiefly to have passed in a studious retirement. In 1735, he was visited in London by Lord Hyndford, by the direction of his lordship's father, to whom he had been tutor, when he appeared to be very old. He seems to have lived about two years after: for the body of an Alexander Cunningham lies interred in the vicar chancel of St Martin's church, who died in the 83d year of his age, on the 15th day of May 1737; and who was probably the same person.

His "History of Great Britain, from the revolution in 1688 to the accession of George I." was pub. lished in two volumes 4to, in 1787. It was written by Mr Cunningham in Latin, but was translated into English by the reverend William Thomson, L.L.D. The original manuscript came into the possession of the reverend Dr Hollingberry, archdeacon of Chichester, some of whose relations had been connected with the author. He communicated it to the earl of Hardwicke, and to the reverend Dr Douglas, now bishop of Carlisle, both of whom recommended the publication. In a short preface to the work, the archdeacon says, "My first design was to have produced it in the original; but knowing how few are sufficiently learned to understand, and how many are indisposed to read two quarto volumes in Latin, however interesting and entertaining the subject may be, I altered my purpose, and intended to have sent it into the world in a trans

lation.