Anthera e loculis 2 parallelis distinctis compositæ. Stigma clavatum, bilobum. Capsula crustacea. Dissepimentum e marginibus valvularum introflexis constitutum, placentæ crassa spongiosæ insertum. Semina angulata, scobiformia, testâ laxâ membranaceâ. Albumen carnosum. Embryo ferè seminis longitudine: cotyledones oblongæ, compressæ: radiculâ brevissimâ.

Frutices ramis quadrangulis, foliis oppositis reticulato-venosis, floribus terminalibus capitatis spicatis aut paniculatis plerumque aurantiacis.

OBS. Tribus Verbenaceis plurimis analoga habitu sat simili confirmata. 1. Buddleia, L.

Trib. 8. CALCEOLARIEE. Calyx 4-partitus, æstivatione valvatâ. Corolla irregularis, bilabiata. Stamina 2 v. 4, fauci inserta. Antherarum loculis basi divergentibus, apice confluentibus. Stigma indivisum, capitatum. Capsula membranacea. Dissepimentum e valvularum marginibus introflexis constitutum. Placenta 2, stipitatæ v. septo adnatæ. Semina minuta, umbilico mucroniformi: testâ membranaceâ. Albumen carnosum. Embryo teres, albuminis dimidii longitudine.

Herbæ v. Suffrutices (Amer. Austr. v. Čapens.) sæpiùs glanduloso-pubescentes, foliis oppositis sæpiùs indivisis, floribus terminalibus plerumque corymbosopaniculatis v. racemosis flavis.

OBS. Tribus naturalis omninò osculans videtur inter Scrophularineas et Gesneriaceas; his, calycis æstivatione valvatâ, capsule valvulis revolutis placentiferis, seminibus minutissimis funiculo umbilicali longiori præditis, habitu inflorescentiâ foliisque oppositis plerumque rugosis crenatis; illis, antheris bilobis apice confluentibus, seminibus albuminosis convenit. Calceolaria petioalaris aliæque in hortis proferunt quandoque corollas tubulosas subregulares. Ourisia habitu simillima, fortè tamen ad Gesneriaceas meliùs depellenda.

1. Calceolaria, L. 2. Jovellana, Ruiz et Pavon. 3. Bæa, Commers. 4. Hemimeris, L.

Trib. 9. EUPHRASIEÆ. Calyx tubulosus, 5-dentatus. Corolla bilabiata. Antherarum loculis parallelis, sæpiùs basi calcaratis. Stigma indivisum. Capsula crustacea, septo utrinque placentifero. Semina testâ membranaceâ. Albumen carnosum. Embryo teres, axilis, rectus, albuminis ferè longitudine.

Herbæ foliis oppositis, floribus terminalibus subspicatis bracteatis.

1. Euphrasia, L. 2. Bartsia, L. 3. Lamourouxia, Kunth. 4. Castilleja, Mut.

CALYX tubulosus, 4-5-fidus, persistens.

COROLLA tubulosa, hypogyna, decidua, irregularis, æstivatione imbricatâ ;

labio superiore plerumque galeato.

STAMINA 4, didynama, fertilia. Anthera basi calcaratæ.

PISTILLUM 1. Ovarium biloculare. Stigma indivisum.

CAPSULA bilocularis, 2-4-valvis, polysperma.

SEMINA testâ membranaceâ. Albumen copiosum, densè carnosum.

EMBRYO inversus, teres. Radicula ab umbilico remota, centrifuga.

Plantæ (Europ. Asiæ et Amer. bor.) humillima, herbaceæ, v. rarò suffruticosa. Folia sæpiùs opposita, pinnatifida. Flores terminales, spicati,

bracteati.

* Embryo minutus in apice albuminis.

1. Rhinanthus, L. 2. Pedicularis, L. 3. Melampyrum, L.
** Embryo albuminis feré longitudine subfoliaceus. CYMBARIEÆ.
4. Cymbaria, L.

OROBANCHEE. Rich. Juss.

CALYX divisus, persistens.

COROLLA tubulosa, hypogyna, irregularis, persistens! æstivatione imbri. catâ.

STAMINA 4, didynama, fertilia. Anthera basi sæpiùs calcaratæ.
PISTILLUM 1. Ovarium 1-loculare. Stigma bilobum v. indivisum.
CAPSULA 1-locularis, 2-valvis, polysperma.

SEMINA placentis angustis parietalibus, e valvularum marginibus conflatis inserta, minutissima: testá tenuissimè membranaceâ, areolis subquadratis reticulatâ albumen copiosum, cartilagineum.

EMBRYO in apice albuminis inversus, excentricus, minutus, subglobosus, plerumque indivisus! Radicula supera, ab umbilico remota.

Herbæ plerumque parasiticæ, aphyllæ, subcarnosa, rufescentes, squamatæ. Flores terminales, solitarii aut spicati, bracteati.

OBS. Ordo omninò naturalis facilèque definiendus corollâ persistenti, seminum structurâ, atque habitu diversissimo. In Lathræâ et Orobanchi embryo, ut videtur, indivisus et acotyledoneus, an itaque in cæteris generibus ?

*Parasiticæ, aphylla.

1. Orobanche, L. 2. Phelypæa, Desf. 3. Epiphegus, Nutt. 4. Lathræa, L. 5. Hyobanche, L. 6. Alectra, Thunb. 7. Æginetia, Roxb.

CALYX 5-partitus, persistens.

CHELONEÆ.

COROLLA tubulosa, hypogyna, irregularis, decidua, limbo 5-lobo. STAMINA 4, didynama, fertilia; quintum sterile. Anthera biloculares, mutica: loculis apice confluentibus.

STIGMA indivisum.

CAPSULA bilocularis, polysperma.

SEMINA erecta, compressa, margine membranacea. Albumen carnosum. EMBRYO erectus, foliaceus.

Herbæ v. Suffrutices (Amer Septentr.). Folia opposita. Inflorescentia paniculata v. spicata.

OBS. Tribus Bignoniaceis et Pedalineis proximè affinis, calyce tamen subpolyphyllo, stigmate indiviso, seminibus erectis albuminosis facilè distinguitur.

́*1. Chelone, L. 2. Penstemon, Mitch.

ARAGOACEÆ.

CALYX 4-5-phyllus, persistens, basi bracteatus.

COROLLA hypocrateriformis, regularis, decidua: limbo 4-partito, patenti,

æquali, aestivatione convoluta.

STAMINA 4, æqualia, sinubus corollæ inserta.

Filamenta basi barbata.

Anthera biloba: loculis apice omninò confluentibus.

PISTILLUM 1. Ovarium biloculare. Stylus filiformis. Stigma capitatum, indivisum.

CAPSULA 2-locularis, 4-valvis: loculis 4-spermis. Dissepimentum utrinque placentiferum, demùm liberum.

SEMINA erecta, imbricata, compressa, margine membranaceo-alata: testá membranaceâ, reticulatâ. Albumen copiosum, carnosum.

EMBRYO rectus, axilis, inclusus. Cotyledones oblongæ, compressæ. Radicula teres, obtusa, cotyledonibus triplò longior, infera.

Frutices (Nov. Granat.) facie cupressinâ ramosissimi, ramis oppositis. Folia quadrifariam imbricata, coriacea, integerrima, Flores axillares, solitarii, subsessiles, albi.

VOL. XIX. NO. XXXVII.-JULY 1835.

H

OBS. Tribus osculans Personatis, Polemoniaceis et Bignoniaceis paritèr affinis; ab his, stigmate omninò indiviso et calyce polyphyllo, ab illis, corollâ regulari, æstivatione convolutâ distinguitur. Polemoniaceis, imprimis Diapensiæ convenit corollâ regulari, æstivatione convolutâ, staminum insertione, seminibus alatis, atta mendiscrepat stigmate omninò indiviso et capsulâ biloculari.

1. Aragoa, Kunth.

SIBTHORPIACEÆ.

CALYX 4-8-partitus, persistens.

COROLLA rotata, 4-8-fida, regularis, decidua, æstivatione imbricatân. STAMINA 4.8, æqualia, corollæ lobis alterna. Anthera biloculares: loculis parallelis.

PISTILLUM 1. Ovarium biloculare. Stigma capitatum, indivisum.

CAPSULA bilocularis, bivalvis, polysperma. Placenta magna, spongiosa, globosa.

SEMINA erecta, testâ membranaceâ. Albumen copiosum, densè carnosum. EMBRYO teres, erectus, inclusus. Radicula longa, cylindracea, obtusa, umbilico obversa, centripeta.

Herbæ foliis alternis indivisis, floribus axillaribus solitariis pedunculatis. OBS. Familia, admodùm parva inter Scrophularineas et Primulaceas locum tenens. A prioribus flore regulari symmetrico et placentâ globosâ, a posterioribus staminibus corollæ lobis alternis et capsulâ biloculari facilè dignoscitur.

I. Sibthorpia, L. 2. Disandra, L. 3. ? Romanzovia, Cham. 4. ? Capraria, L. (C. biflora.) 5.? Scoparia, L.

May 1. 1835.

Account of the Discovery by Purkinje and Valentin of Ciliary Motions in Reptiles and Warm-blooded Animals; with Remarks, and additional Experiments. By WILLIAM SHARPEY, M.D., F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Anatomy. Communicated by the Author.

A REMARKABLE provision exists in many animals belonging to the inferior tribes, by which fluids are moved along the surface of different organs. The gills of the mussel afford a good example of this motion; if a portion of them be cut off and examined under water, the water will be perceived moving in a current along the surface in a constant and determinate direction; and when the piece of gill is inspected with the microscope, its surface will be found covered with minute hair-like organs or cilia, which are in a state of continual agitation or oscillatory motion, by which they impel the fluid along the surface. Drs Purkinje and Valentin of Breslaw have lately made the interesting discovery that this provision exists also in warm-blooded animals, having detected the ciliary motion on the internal surface of the oviduct in birds and the Fallopian

tubes in mammalia, and of the air-passages in both. A translation of their memoir is here given, to which I beg to subjoin an account of the results which I obtained on repeating some of their observations.

I may previously mention, however, that in a paper published in 1830,* I pointed out the existence of the motion in question in the larva of the frog and salamander, in most of the tribes of mollusca, in the annelida, and in the actinia, and endeavoured to shew that it was a provision extensively prevalent among aquatic animals; serving chiefly to maintain a flow of water along the surface of their respiratory organs, but in some cases also to convey food to the animal, discharge the ova, or assist in locomotion. The distinguishing characters of this motion were, 1st, That the fluid was moved along the surface of the parts in a determinate direction; 2d, That the impelling power resided in the surface over which the fluid was conveyed, which in most instances, or, as I have reason from subsequent observations to conclude, in all, is covered with moving cilia; 3d, That the property continues for some time in detached portions of the tissue, in which case the impulsion of the fluid takes place in the same direction with respect to the surface of the parts, as before their separation.

At that time I was not aware of any similar observations, excepting those of Dr Grant and others, on the Infusoria and Zoophytes; but I have since found, that in some of the facts I have been anticipated by previous observers. The currents on the gills of the tadpole, and larva of the salamander, were previously described by Steinbuch.† His work, which I first saw in the library of Professor Rudolphi, in Berlin, in 1831, seems to have been little known, at least his discovery did not attract the attention it deserved; and, with one or two exceptions, it seems to have escaped the notice not only of general physiological writers, but even of those who have specially written on the development of the Batrachia, on the continent as well as in this country. Observations similar to those of Steinbuch seem, however, to have been made by

*

Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. xxxiv.

+ Analecten neuer Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen für die Naturkunde.

Fürth. 1802.

Huschke; and they have more recently (1832) been repeated by John Müller and Raspail.+ Again, I find that some of the facts respecting the mollusca have been noticed in the mussel, and two or three other species, by Leeuwenhoek, Baker, Hales, Erman, Treviranus, Gruithuisen, Huschke, Baer, and Raspail. These authors, however, have for the most part observed the phenomena but partially, and interpreted them erroneously, excepting Huschke, if I may judge from the brief reference to his observations on the mussel and salamander, in Burdach's Physiologie ‡—for I have not seen his original paper § -and Gruithuisen, who discovered the cilia and currents in a species of fresh-water snail, and took a correct view of their nature and use. Subsequently, observations have been published on the mussel by Carus ¶ and Guillot,** in 1831, and on the ascidia by Mr Lister.++ The singular rotatory motion of the embryo of mollusca within the egg, described by Swammerdam, Leeuwenhoek, Baker, Baster, Stiebel, Hugi, Carus, and Grant, had also been referred to the same class of phenomena; and Dr Grant first demonstrated the existence of cilia as the organs by which the motion within the ovum is produced, though he seems not to have been aware of its connexion with the respiratory process.

Having at the time mentioned ascertained the existence of the motion in the batrachia, the principal tribes of mollusca, the annelida, and the actinia, and knowing that it had been found in infusory animalcules and zoophytes, I stated it as probable, on generalizing the results of the observations, that it prevailed very extensively in the animal kingdom. Accordingly, in prosecuting the inquiry with this view, when other avocations permitted, I have ascertained its existence in several additional inThe account of these I reserve for an article which I have prepared for the Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology, in which I shall endeavour to give a review of the whole subject, and where I hope, at the same time, to be able to

stances.

* Burdach, Physiologie als Erfahrungs-wissenschaft. Band iv. p. 434. + Chimie Organique, 1833, p. 250.

+ Loc. cit.

§ In the Isis for 1826. Nova Acta Naturæ Curiosorum, vol. x. p. 437. Nova Acta Nat. Cur. vol. xvi. 1832.

** Journal de Physiologie, tome xi. ++ Phil. Trans. 1834, p. 378.