body of professors and students from Padua to locate there (105), is a good example of the first; and the selection from Villani, as to the cost for maintaining a university (106), is a good example of the second. The efforts made by the English king to secure scholars from Paris (109) is another example of the first type. As the early universities were in no way held to place by buildings and equipment, as is a modern university, it was easy for them to move to some other city whenever conditions did not please them. This right of cessatio was formally recognized by Papal Bull (107), and was frequently exercised (108, 109) for reasons that to-day seem trivial. As the early universities were essentially guilds, with the stages of apprentice, journeyman, and master represented, the right to create and license masters was recognized almost from the first. The Bulls of Popes Gregory IX (107) and Nicholas IV (111), giving such right to Paris, are typical and illustrative. The form of this license to teach is well shown in the document reproduced from Rashdall (112). The courses of reading or lectures required for the different degrees are shown in the documents giving the requirements for the Arts degree at Paris (113), Leipzig (114 a−b), and Oxford (115); while the requirements for the still higher professional degrees in theology, civil and canon law, and medicine are well illustrated in the statement of Oxford requirements for each (116 a-b), and the Paris requirements for the degree in medicine (117). The scholastic character of the theological instruction may be inferred from the criticisms made by Roger Bacon (118), a keen Oxford scholar and monk of the latter part of the thirteenth century. The scarcity of books before the invention of printing did much to keep the character of the instruction on a low level, the master being compelled to "read" from the one text available and comment from his "gloss." This lack of books is shown by the list of twenty-seven volumes contained in a scholar's library, left by will to the University of Paris (119); by Roger Bacon's lament (120); and by the Paris statute prescribing the character of the classroom instruction to be given (121). The latter also throws some light on the classroom conduct of the time. Selections 122 and 123 reproduce two of the earliest schedules of lectures known, the one at Toulouse (122) dating from 1309, and the one from Leipzig (123) from 1519. 100. University Foundations before 1600, by Countries The table given below shows the progress, rate, and direction Studia Generalia founded by Papal or Imperial Bull Studia Generalia before or Founded by a migration from some other university. P. Founded by Papal Bull. I. Founded 100. University Foundations before 1600, by Countries (cont.) (After Rashdall and Minerva) of progress in founding the universities of medieval Europe. 1476 Mainz. 1476-7 Tübingen. 1502 Halle-Wittenberg (Pr.); moved to Breslau in 1811. 1566 Olmütz (Moravia). 1567 Strassburg (Alsace). 1568 Braunsberg (Pr.). 1575 Leyden (Holland). 1576 Helmstädt; dissolved in 1578 Altorf; afterward dis- 1586 Gräz (Aust.). 1364 Cracow (Poland); P. in 1367 Fünfkirchen (Hun 1389 Buda (Hungary), P. 1465-7 Poszony or Pressburg (Hungary), P. 1477 Upsala (Sweden), P. 1477 Copenhagen (Denmark), P. 1531 Sarospatak (Hungary). by Imperial Edict. R. Founded by Royal Charter (Spain). Founded by a migration from some other university. P. Founded by Papal Bull. I. Founded IOI. Privileges for Students who Travel for Study (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica; Leges, II, p. 114; trans. by Munro, in Translations and Reprints from Sources of European History, vol. I, no. 3, p. 2) With the increase in the number of students who journeyed some distance to study, under famous cathedral-school teachers, the need for their better protection began to be evident. Many of these came from afar, and at a time when international courtesies and public safety were little known. As the presence of many strangers, attracted to a city or a little state to hear some noted teacher read and comment on the famous textbooks of the time, added much to its prestige and wealth, it came to be worth while to offer them inducements to come, in the form of special favors and additional safety. By way of giving students better protection, however, the Emperor Frederick Barbaross, in 1158, issued the following document, the first of its kind of which we have record. This was said to have been obtained for the benefit of students going to Bologna to study civil and canon law, but it was made general, and applied to students and professors anywhere. Freedom from arrest for certain causes, and trial before the professors or bishop instead of the city authorities, were valuable privileges, and once granted were tenaciously retained by the universities. One still finds survivals of these ancient privileges in the jails and courts of the German universities, and in the English universities. After a careful consideration of this subject by the bishops, abbots, dukes, counts, judges, and other nobles of our sacred palace, we, from our piety, have granted this privilege to all scholars who travel for the sake of study, and especially, to the professors of divine and sacred laws, namely, that they may go in safety to the places in which the studies are carried on, both they themselves and their messengers, and may dwell there in security. For we think it fitting that, during good behavior, those should enjoy our praise and protection, by whose learning the world is enlightened to the obedience of God and of us, his ministers and the life of the subjects is moulded; and by a certain special love we defend them from all injuries. For who does not pity those who exile themselves through love of learning, who wear themselves out in poverty in place of riches, who expose their lives to all perils and often suffer bodily injury from the vilest men this must be endured with vexation. Therefore, we declare by this general and ever to be valid law, that in the future no one shall be so rash as to venture to inflict any injury on scholars, or to occasion any loss to them on account of a debt owed to them by an inhabitant of their province a thing which we have learned is sometimes done by an evil custom. And let it be known to the violaters of this constitution, and also to those who shall at the time be the rulers of the places, that a four-fold restitution of property shall be exacted from all and that, the mark of infamy being affixed to them by the law itself, they shall lose their office forever. Moreover, if any one shall presume to bring a suit against them on account of any business, the choice in this matter shall be given to the scholars, who may summon the accusers to appear before their professors or the bishop of the city, to whom we have given jurisdiction in this matter. But if, in sooth, the accuser shall attempt to drag the scholar before another judge, even if his cause is a very just one, he shall lose his suit for such an attempt. We also order this law to be inserted among the imperial constitutions under the title, ne filius pro patre, etc. Given at Roncaglia, in the year of our Lord 1158, in the month of November. 102. Privileges granted the Students at Paris by Philip Augustus (Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 59; trans. by Munro, Translations and Reprints from Sources of European History, vol. II, no. 3, pp. 4-7) This is the first royal privilege granted at Paris which has been preserved to us. It dates from 1200. Since students and teachers could leave the city so easily, and thus seriously interfere with its prosperity, it was desirable to make many concessions to them to make them satisfied to remain. Later, in the interests of law and order, many of these privileges had to be withdrawn. Here the king makes very liberal grants. In the Name of the sacred and indivisible Trinity, amen. Philip, by the grace of God, King of the French. Let all men know, now and in the future, that for the terrible crime owing to which five of the clergy and laity at Paris were killed by certain malefactors, we shall do justice as follows: that Thomas, then provost, concerning whom more than all others the students have complained, because he denies the deed, we shall consign to perpetual imprisonment, in close confinement, with meagre fare, as long as he shall live; unless, perchance, he shall choose to undergo publicly at Paris the ordeal by water. If he succeeds, never henceforth at Paris nor anywhere else in our own land shall he be our provost or bailiff; nor elsewhere, if we are able to prevent it; nor shall he in the future enter Paris. ... concerning the safety of the students at Paris in the future, by the advice of our subjects we have ordained as follows: we will cause |