For others, eight years in the study of Arts; six or seven years in Theology.

For B.D. (Admissio ad lecturam libri Sententiarum):

For M.A. candidates, two years more, i. e. seven years in all.

For others, two years more, i.e. eight years in all.

Certain Opponencies, number not specified.

For License:

Two years' further study.

To have lectured on one book of the Bible and on the Sentences. An examinatory Sermon at Saint Mary's.

Eight Responsions to non-graduate Opponents.

To dispute (as Opponent) with every Regent D.D.

Vespers.

In the fifteenth century an additional Sermon was added by Stat

ute.

(b) Canon Law

For Bachelor of Decrees: (Admissio ad lecturam extraordinariam alicuius libri Decretalium):

Five years' study of Civil Law.

To have heard the Decretals twice, and the Decretum for two years.

For Inception as Doctor of Decrees:

To have read extraordinarie two or three "causes" or the tractate De Simonia, or De Consecratione, or De Pænitentia (parts of the Decretum).

To have opposed and responded to the questions of every Regent. To have given one lecture for each Regent.

(After Inception, two years, afterwards one year of Necessary Regency.)

(c) Civil Law

For B.C.L. (Admissio ad lecturam libelli Institutionum):

For M.A. candidates, four years' study.

For others, six years' study.

For License ad legendum aliquod volumen Juris Civilis (e.g. the Diges

tum Novum or Infortiatum):

To have heard the libri apparitati of the Civil Law.

For Inception:

(No additional time specified.)

To have lectured on the Institutes, the Digestum Novum, and the
Infortiatum.

To have given an ordinary lecture for each Regent Doctor.
To have opposed and responded in the School of each Decretist.

(d) Medicine

For M.B. (Admissio ad legendum librum Aphorismorum).

(No time specified.)

For admission "ad practicandum" in Oxford:

For M.A. candidates, four years' study.

To pass an examination conducted by the Regent Doctors.
For others, eight years' study and examination.

For License and Inception:

For M.A. candidates, six years' study (in all).

To have "read" one book of Theorica (i.e. the Liber Tegni of
Galen, or Aphorismi of Hippocrates), "pro majori parte."
To have "read" one book of Practica (i.e. Regimenta Acutorum of
Hippocrates, Liber Febrium of Isaac, or the Antidotarium of
Nicholas).

To have responded to and opposed in the Schools of the Regents
for two years.

For others, to have been admitted to practice, as above: eight years' study (in all): to have given the above lectures.

117. The Course in Medicine at Paris

(Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, vol. 1, no. 453, p. 517; trans. by Munro) The following required course in Medicine at Paris, 1270-74, gives the books used, and will prove of special interest to students interested in the study of medicine. It also shows the influence of Arabic writers on European learning in this subject. It is a poorer course of study than that provided at Montpellier, though Montpellier probably had the foremost medical faculty in Europe at that time.

This is the form for licensing bachelors of medicine. First, the master under whom the bachelor is, ought to testify to the chancellor, in the presence of the masters called together for this purpose, concerning the suitability of licensing the bachelor. He ought to prove his time of study by at least two examinations; and the time which he ought to have studied is five and one half years, if he has ruled in arts or has been a licentiate; or six, if he has not.

The course of study is as follows:
I. He ought to have heard:

1. The Ars Medica (probably Liber Tegni, of Galen) twice in
the regular courses and once in an extraordinary course,
with the exception of Theophilus. (Theophilus was a
Byzantine physician, said to have lived in the seventh
century, A.D.)

2. On Urines, which is sufficient to have heard once in either a regular or an extraordinary course.

3. The Viaticum (composed by Abu Djàrfar Ahmad, disciple of
Isaac) twice in regular courses.

4. The other books of Isaac (a Jewish physician who wrote sev-
eral books on medicine which were translated from the
Arabic by Constantine the African) once in a regular
course, twice in extraordinary courses, except the Particu-
lar Diets, which it is sufficient to have heard in an extraor-
dinary or regular course.
5. The Book of Antidotes (Book of Antidotes was then used in
about the same sense as Book of Mendicaments. This
one was by Nicholas of Salerno) of Nicholas, once.

6. The Verses of Ægidius are not required. (Ægidius of Cor-
beil taught at Paris under Philip Augustus. He wrote his
works in verse.)

II. Also, he ought to have read:

1. The books on Theory and Practice. (By this Denifle thinks the Opus Pantegni, by Ali ben Abbâs, is meant. This was divided into Theory and Practice. It was sometimes attributed to Constantine the African.)

And he ought to swear this. Moreover, if any one is convicted of perjury or lying he, although licensed, may be degraded.

118. Roger Bacon on the Teaching of Theology

(Roger Bacon, Opera Inedita, p. lvi; trans. by J. S. Brewer. London, 1859) The following comment by the English monk, Roger Bacon, written in 1292, shows how the great mediæval textbooks on theology gradually superseded the study of

the Bible. This tendency increased with time. Luther tells us that he was twenty years old when, by accident, he saw a Bible for the first time in the library of the University of Erfurt.

Although the principal study of the theologian ought to be in the text of Scripture, as I have proved in the former part of this work, yet in the last fifty years theologians have been principally occupied with questions (for debate) as all know, in tractates and summæ, horseloads, composed by many,- and not at all with the most holy text of God. And accordingly, theologians give a readier reception to a treatise of scholastic questions than they will do to one about the text of

Scripture.... The greater part of these questions introduced into theology, with all the modes of disputation and solution, are in the terms of philosophy, as is known to all theologians, who have been well exercised in philosophy before proceeding to theology. Again, other questions which are in use among theologians, though in terms of theology, viz., of the Trinity, of the fall, of the incarnation, of sin, of virtue, of the sacraments, etc., are mainly ventilated by authorities, arguments, and solutions drawn from philosophy. And therefore the entire occupation of theologians now-a-days is philosophical, both in substance and method.

119. List of Books left by Will to the University of Paris (Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, vol. 1, no. 437, p. 493; trans. by Munro) The following document, reproducing a clause from a will and the list of twenty-seven books contained in the private library of Master Stephen, presented to Paris, in 1271, as a loan collection for poor and deserving theological students, is interesting as showing what a prominent churchman and scholar of that day had accumulated.

To all the officers of the court at Paris who shall read this document, greeting in the Lord. We make known that John of Orleans, constituted master in our presence, canon and chancellor of Paris, acknowledges and admits that he has received and had from the venerable man master Nicholas, arch-deacon of the church at Paris, formerly chancellor of the aforesaid church at Paris, the books named below — to be lent to the poor students studying theology, according to a certain clause contained in the will of master Stephen of blessed memory, formerly arch-deacon of Canterbury, which is inserted in the present document, as follows:

I will and command that my books on theology shall be delivered to the chancellor of Paris who, for the sake of piety, shall lend them to poor students studying theology at Paris who are without books; in such a manner, however, that each chancellor, each year, shall receive back the aforesaid books and after receiving them shall deliver and lend them, each year, to the poor students, as shall seem expedient. The names of the books are as follows:

1. The Bible complete, with a glossary.

2. Genesis and Exodus, glossed, in one volume.
3. The books of Solomon, glossed, in one volume.
4. Exodus, glossed by itself.

5. Job, glossed by itself.

6. Ezekiel, glossed by itself.

7. The Gospels, glossed by themselves, in one volume.

8. The Psalter, with a complete glossary.

9. The four books of Sentences. (Peter Lombard's work.) 10. The books of Numbers.

11. Joshua, Judith, Ruth, Deuteronomy, glossed, in one volume. 12. The four books of Kings, Chronicles, first and second. 13. Esdras, first and second of Maccabees, Amos, glossed, in one volume.

14. The Twelve Prophets, glossed, in one volume.

15. The Psalter, glossed and complete.

16. The Epistles of Paul, glossed.

17. The Psalter, glossed and complete.

18. The Historia Scolastica of Pierre le Mangeur.

19. The four Gospels, glossed.

20. The Epistles of Paul, glossed, with a smaller glossary.

21. The Psalter, glossed and complete.

22. The first and second books of Maccabees, glossed as far as the

tenth chapter.

23. The Gospel of Mark.

24. The Gospels, glossed.

25 and 26. The Bible in two volumes, with marginal notes, which Bishop Stephen presented.

27. The original of the Sentences of master Peter Lombard, in a certain volume, bound in calf, now somewhat worn, with round copper nails in the covers.

on the

We, the above-mentioned official, have thought indeed that, in testimony and witness of all the above-mentioned, we ought to place present writing the seal of the court at Paris, together with the seal of the aforesaid chancellor; hoping and asking that his successors, who shall be chancellors, shall order and do with the aforesaid books, for the sake of the divine piety, according to the contents of the afore

said clause.

Done in the year of our Lord, 1271, Wednesday, the feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude.

Roger Bacon (1214?-94), writing as to the scarcity of books on morals, especially in the works of four classic writers, says:

The scientific books of Aristotle, of Avicenna, of Seneca, of Cicero, and other ancients cannot be had except at a great cost; their principal works have not been translated into Latin, and copies of others are not to be found in ordinary libraries or elsewhere. The admirable books of Cicero De Republica are not to be found anywhere, as far as I can hear, although I have made anxious inquiry for them in different