and of learning with such certainty that the

desired result must of necessity follow.

XVII. The principles of facility in teaching and in learning.

XVIII. The principles of thoroughness in teaching and in learning.

XIX. The principles of conciseness and rapidity in teaching.

Division 4. The method of instruction.

Chapter

XX. The method of the sciences.

XXI. The method of the arts.

XXII. The method of languages.

XXIII. The method of morals.

XXIV. The method of instilling piety.

XXV. If we wish to reform schools in accordance with the laws of true Christianity, we must remove from them books written by pagans, or, at any rate, must use them with more caution than hitherto.

XXVI. Of school discipline.

Division 5. The organization of instruction.

Chapter XXVII. Of the four-fold division of schools, based on age and acquirements.

XXVIII. Sketch of the Mother-School.
XXIX. Sketch of the Vernacular-School.

XXX. Sketch of the Latin-School.

XXXI. Of the University, of travelling students, of the
College of Light.

XXXII. Of the universal and perfect order of instruction.
XXXIII. Of the things requisite before this universal
method can be put into practice.

220. Comenius's Plan for the Gymnasium at Saros-Patak (Abridged from the outline given in the Introduction to Keatinge's edition of The Great Didactic, pp. 140-47)

The following is an abridged outline of Comenius's plan for the gymnasium at Saros-Patak, in Hungary, drawn up by him for the authorities during his stay there, covering the years 1650-54. Compared with the celebrated plans of Sturm (R. 137) and Calvin (R. 175), or the schools of the Jesuits, the modern character of Comenius's proposal is evident. We also find here the new scientific studies receiving due recognition.

Class I. The Vestibular

1. Over the door is to be written:

"Let no one enter who cannot read."

2. Walls of classroom to have printed on them the Latin alphabet, chief declensions and conjugations, and short maxims relating to conduct.

3. Catechism, hymns, and prayers to be learned.

4. Class book, the Vestibulum.

5. Mathematics, elements of arithmetic, point, and line. 6. Music, scales and keys.

7. History, as contained in the Vestibulum.

8. Style, construction of sentences.

9. Accessory studies, handwriting and drawing.

10. Games, as suitable to age of pupils. 11. Closing exhibition, and examination.

Class II. The Janual

I. Over the door is to be written:

"Let no one enter who is ignorant of numbers."

2. On two walls, pictures of objects studied in the Janua; on the other two, grammatical rules.

3. Catechism to be thoroughly learned.

4. Class book, the Janua, the Latin-Vernacular dictionary, and the Janual Grammar.

5. Mathematics, addition and subtraction, and plane figures in Geometry.

6. Music, more advanced than in Class I.

7. History, as contained in the Janua.

8. Style, structure of phrases, sentences, and periods.

9. Games, as chosen by the master.

10. Closing exhibition, pupils to ask one another questions on the Janua.

Class III. The Atrial

1. Over the door is to be written:

"Let no one enter who cannot speak.”

2. Walls to be covered with diagrams and maxims of speech. 3. Bible, in an abridged form, to be read and expounded.

4. Class books, the Atrium, the Grammar of Elegance, and the LatinLatin dictionary written for the Atrium.

5. Mathematics, multiplication and division; the table of Cebes; and solid figures in geometry.

6. Music, harmony. Rudiments of Latin verse.

7. History, famous deeds from the Bible.

8. Style, paraphrasing and transposing.

9. Recreation, at fixed hours.

10. Dramatic selections from the Schola Ludus.

11. Boys now to be able to read and speak Latin fluently. Class IV. The Philosophical

1. Over the door is to be written:

"Let no one ignorant of history enter here."

2. Walls to carry diagrams from arithmetic, geometry, and statics. Adjoining the classroom to be a dissecting room, and a chemical laboratory.

3. New Testament study of the life of Christ and the Apostles; a special collection of hymns and psalms.

4. Class book, the Palace of Wisdom, describing natural phenomena. 5. Mathematics, rules of proportion; trigonometry and the elements of statics to be begun.

6. Music, instrumental.

7. History, natural history from Pliny and Ælian.

8. Greek to be begun, and New Testament and selected Greek authors to be read.

9. Recreation not to be neglected, but fewer games.

10. Dramatic performance, using a play dealing with philosophy. Class V. The Logical

1. Over the door is to be written:

"Let no one enter who is ignorant of natural philosophy."

2. Walls to be covered with rules of logic.

3. Hymns, psalms, and prayers. A Bible manual, The Gate of the Sanctuary, to be placed in the pupil's hands. This to contain the whole Scripture history, and to afford reading for the year.

4. Class book, one dealing with the human mind:

(a) Things discovered and to be discovered.

(b) Formal logic.

(c) Mental problems.

5. Mathematics, partnership, alligation, and position in arithmetic; heights, distances, and plane surfaces in geometry.

6. Geography and astronomy, the earth and heavens.

7. Optics.

8. History, of mechanical inventions.

9. Style, exercises from Cornelius Nepos, Cæsar, Curtius, and Justin. 10. Greek, Isocrates and Plutarch.

11. Dramatic performance, illustrating contest between grammar, logic, and metaphysics, and their final reconciliation.

Class VI. The Political

1. Over the door is to be written:

"Let no one enter who cannot reason."

2. Wall pictures to illustrate order and limitation; human body, perfect and imperfect.

3. The whole Bible to be read.

4. Class book, one to deal with human society and the laws of economics.

5. Mathematics, Logistic in arithmetic, and Architectonic in geometry to be learned.

6. Geography and astronomy to be continued, with special attention to theory of planets and laws of eclipses.

7. History, that of the church ritual.

8. Style, readings from Sallust, Cicero, Vergil, and Horace. Compositions in verse permitted, but not to be insisted upon.

9. Greek, Thucydides and Hesiod.

10. Play, suitable recreations.

11. Dramatic performance, representing degeneration of Solomon and his moral downfall.

Class VII. The Theological

1. Over the door is to be written:

"Let no one enter who is irreligious.”

2. Walls to be covered with Hebrew and sacred symbols.

3. Devotional psalms and hymns, and a compendium of Christian belief.

4. Class book, to deal with communion of souls with God.

(a) The ascent of the mind to God, following order of Janua. (b) Practical rules for the study of the Scriptures.

(c) A Repertory of Theology, and mysteries of salvation.

5. Mathematics, sacred and mystic numbers in arithmetic, sacred architecture as exemplified in the Ark, Tabernacle, and Temple. 6. History of the church.

7. Oratorical training, for training in preaching.

8. Hebrew to be studied, and Old Testament read.

9. Recreation, as needed.

10. Religious plays, illustrating character of Abraham, David, etc.

221. Comenius's Orbis Pictus

In 1658 there appeared, from the presses at Nuremberg, the first school picture-book ever printed. It was an introductory reader for learning Latin, and was entitled Orbis Sensualium Pictus, or "The World of Sense Objects Pictured." In it Comenius not only simplified greatly the teaching of Latin, but he shifted the whole emphasis from words to things, and made the teaching of scientific knowledge and useful information a key

the English-Latin edition of 1727; and the last page is from the duced form, the title-page and the first page of the alphabet from German edition of 1740; the two pages below reproduce, in renature of the book. The page opposite is from a Nuremberg LatinThe following sample pages (Figures 51, 52, 53) illustrate the

edition was issued in New York as late as 1810. ductory Latin textbook for nearly two centuries. An American was reprinted in all European lands, and was used as an intronote of the book. The success of the book was immediate. It

The first page, in the edition of 1727. The third page, from the same edition FIG. 51. TWO PAGES FROM THE "ORBIS PICTUS"