ence of priests, which was also great, at Camden. He died April 18, 1794. He is that time, in France. CAMBLET. (See Camlet.) CAMDEN (Charles Pratt), earl of, a distinguished British lawyer and statesman of the last century, was the son of sir John Pratt, chief justice of the king's bench, and was born in 1713. After studying at Eton and King's college, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M. A., in 1739, and obtained a fellowship, he entered as a student at Lincoln's inn, and, in due time, was called to the bar. In 1754, he was chosen member of parliament for the borough of Downton. After acquiring great reputation as an advocate, he was, in 1759, appointed attorney-general, having, the same year, been elected recorder of the city of Bath. In January, 1762, he was called to the dignity of a serjeant-at-law, and elevated to the office of chief justice of the common pleas, when he received the honor of knighthood. While he presided in this court, Wilkes was arrested on a general warrant, as the author of the North Briton, a periodical paper which gave offence to government. He was committed to the Tower, as a state prisoner; and, being brought, in obedience to a writ of habeas corpus, before the court of common pleas, the lord chief justice Pratt discharged him from his confinement, on May 6, 1763. The behavior of the judge on this occasion, and in the consequent judicial proceedings between the printers of the North Briton and the messengers of the house of commons, and other agents of the ministry, was so acceptable to the metropolis, that the city of London presented him with the freedom of the corporation, in a gold box, and requested to have his picture. In July, 1765, he was raised to the peerage, by the title of baron Camden; and about a year after, he was made lord chancellor. In this capacity, he presided at the decision of a suit against the messengers who arrested Mr. Wilkes, when he made a speech, in which he stated, that "it was the unanimous opinion of the court, that general warrants, except in cases of high treason, were illegal, oppressive and unwarrantable." On his opposing the taxation of the American colonies, he was deprived of the seals, in 1770. He came into office again, as president of the council, under the administration of the marquis of Rockingham, in March, 1782; on whose death, he resigned, the following year. He soon after, however, resumed his place under Mr. Pitt, and, in 1786, was made earl said to have been the author of a pamphlet, entitled an Inquiry into the Nature and Effect of the Writ of Habeas Corpus. CAMPEACHY WOOD. (See Logwood.) CANDAULES. (See Gyges.) CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. (See Myrtle Wax.) CANONICUT. (See Connanicut.) CANVASS-BACK DUCK. (See Duck.) CAPE HAYTIEN is erroneously said to be the capital of Hayti. Port Républicain (q. v.) is the capital of the republic. CAPE SHEEP. (See Albatross.) CAPILLARY ATTRACTION. (From vol. ix of Foreign Quart. Review.) The mutual action of the elementary particles of matter, of which capillarity is a noted instance, gives rise to phenomena as interesting, and, in certain cases, as susceptible of being attached to theory, by rigorous mathematical reasoning, as the phenomena of universal gravitation. The ascent of liquids in capillary tubes engaged much of the attention of experimental philosophers about the beginning of the last century. Hauksbee found that the ascent of the liquid does not depend in any way on the thickness of the tube, and that when two plates, forming any small angle with each other, are plunged vertically into a fluid, the fluid which rises between them takes the form of an equilateral hyperbola; from which it followed, that, in tubes of the same matter, the ascent of the liquid follows the inverse ratio of their interior diameters. In order to explain these facts, all succeeding philosophers seem to have agreed in assuming the existence of a cohesive force among the particles of the liquid, and an adhesive force between the particles of the liquid and those of the tube. But these attractive forces can only be defined by their relative intensities at an equal distance, and the law according to which they diminish as the distance is increased. Now, there are no data from which either their relative intensities or the law of their variation can be determined: we are, therefore, reduced to choose among a number of hypothetical laws, all equally possible; and the explanation, of course, depends on the particular hypothesis we adopt; hence the theories of Clairaut, Young, Laplace and Poisson. Clairaut was the first who attempted to reduce the phenomena of capillarity to the laws of the equilibrium of fluids, and exactly analyzed all the forces that concur to elevate the liquid in a glass tube. He showed that the portion of the liquid which is 1 elevated in the tube above the exterior cules of the fluid to each other, as well as level, is kept in equilibrium by the action that which results from their adhesion to of two forces, one of which is due to the the molecules of the tube. The separate attraction of the meniscus terminating the consideration of the cohesive and adhecolumn, and the other to the direct at- sive forces leads to two equations, which traction of the tube on the molecules of comprehend the whole theory of capilthe liquid. Clairaut, however, regarded larity—a general equation, common to all this last force as the principal one, and those points of the capillary surface of even supposed the attraction of the tube which the distance from the sides of the to extend as far as its axis; but this sup- tube is greater than the radius of the position is contrary to the nature of mo- sphere of molecular action; and a particlecular forces, which extend only to in- ular equation belonging to those points sensible distances. The action of the which are situated only at insensible distube has, in fact, no influence on the eleva- tances from the surface of the tube, or tion or depression of the contained liquid, are within the sphere of its action. This excepting in so far as it determines the last equation will obviously express the angle under which the upper surface of angle which the surface of the meniscus the fluid intersects the sides of the tube. makes with the sides of the tube ; an anNeglecting, therefore, this force as insen- gle which, as it depends only on the nasible, there remains only the action of the ture of the tube and that of the liquid, is meniscus to support the weight of the constant, and given in every case, the elevated column. But though Clairaut liquid and tube being supposed homogemade an erroneous supposition respecting peous. Laplace further supposes, in the the nature of molecular action, and failed case of elevation, that an infinitely thin in the attempt to demonstrate from theo- film of the liquid first attaches itself to ry, that the ascent of the liquid is inverse- the sides of the tube, and thus forms an ly proportional to the diameter of the interior tube, which acts by its attraction tube, he showed that a number of hy. alone to raise the column, and maintain it potheses, regarding the law of attraction, at a determinate height. The height of may be laid down, from any one of which the column, consequently, depends on the that law of ascent may be deduced ; and cohesion and density of the liquid. Poishe demonstrated a very remarkable re- son has reinvestigated the whole theory sult, namely, that if the attraction of the of capillary attraction. Taking the most matter of the tube on the fluid differs general case of the problem, he considers only by its intensity, or co-efficient, from not merely the surface of a single liquid, the attraction of the fluid on itself, the but the surface formed by the contact of fluid will rise above the surrounding level two liquids of different specitic gravities, when the first of these intensities exceeds placed, the one above the other, in the half the second. Young referred the same tube, and deduces the two equations phenomena of cohesion to the joint op- which determine the form of the sepaeration of attractive and repulsive forces, rating surface, and the angle under which which, in the interior of fluids, exactly it intersects the sides of the tube. These balance each other, and assumed the re- equations are, in form, the same as those pulsive force to increase in a higher ratio of Laplace; but the definite integrals, ihan the attractive, when the mutual dis- which express the two constant quantities tances of the molecules are disminished. they include, are very different; and their From these considerations, he was led to numerical values would be so likewise, if discover a very important fact in the theo- these, instead of being determined experj. ry of capillary action, namely, the inva- mentally, could be calculated a priori riability of the angle which the surface from the analytical expressions. This, of the fluid makes with the sides of the however, cannot be done without a knowltube. Laplace published his theory of edge of the law according to which the capillary attraction in 1806 and 1807, in molecules of the liquid attract each other, two Supplements to the Mécanique Cé- as well as of that which regulates the acleste. Assuming the force of molecular tion of the tube on the liquid. In applyaction to extend only to imperceptible ing his general solution to the explanation distances, he demonstrated that the form of the principal phenomena of capillarity, of the surface of the liquid is a principal he has taken occasion to correct some incause of the capillary phenomena, and accuracies of Laplace. The demonstranot a secondary effect, and determined tion which Laplace had given of the inthe part of the phenomena which is due variability of the angle which the surface to the cohesive attraction of the mole- of the liquid makes with the sides of the 34 VOL. XIII. 398 APPENDIX. (CAPILLARY ATTRACTION-CAPO D'ISTRIA.) tube, was not altogether satisfactory; and the resultant of actions which take place he had even supposed that it changes its between two portions of the same body, value when the liquid reaches the summit of insensible magnitude, but comprising of the tube. Poisson has demonstrated each an extremely great number of that the invariability of this angle will al- molecules. The resultant of the agways be preserved, unless the curvature gregate forces of the different moleof the interior of the tube is infinitely cules comprehended within the sphere great; or, in other words, unless its radius of action of an individual molecule, is, is infinitely small, and of the same order therefore, a determinate function of their of magnitude as the radius of the sphere mean distance, and independent of any of molecular action. Hence the angle irregularity in their distribution. The cannot vary when the liquid reaches the same resultant is also independent of the summit of the tube ; for, however small magnitude of the radius of the sphere of the radius of the tube may be, it is always action, which cannot be determined in incomparably greater than the radius of any precise manner, and with respect to the sphere of molecular action. The which we only know that it is insensible. great importance of the theory of mole- It is on these hypotheses that the compucular action, in physical science, is becom- tation of molecular forces is essentially ing daily more apparent; and it must soon founded.-See Poisson's Nouvelle Théoform the principal basis of rational me- rie de l'Action Capillaire (Paris, 1831). chanics, which has too long continued an CAPO D'ISTRIA. Our account of this abstract science, founded, not on a real, individual, contained under his name, is but an imaginary state of bodies. The continued by the history of his adminisgradual progress of discovery renders it tration, under the head Greece, Revolution more and more probable, that there are of. It remains for us to give an account only two laws according to which all the of his assassination, and of the causes forces of nature decrease, the first being which produced it. Whether from his proportional to the inverse square of the attachment to Russian interests, or from distance, and the second to a function of the jealousy and impatience of restraint the distance of which we know nothing, of the chiefs, Capo d'Istria bad become except that it vanishes altogether when extremely unpopular; and the islands and the distance has a sensible magnitude. the province of Maina placed themselves, The gravitation of the great bodies of the in the spring of 1831, in the attitude of universe, the electric and magnetic forces, open resistance to the government. Miwhether attractive or repulsive, are in- aulis (q. v.), Mavrocordato (q. v.) and Constances of the former; while the vibra- duriottis demanded a convocation of the tions of elastic bodies, the communication national assembly, the establishment of of motion, whether by shock or by press- the liberty of the press, and the release of ure, as well as capillary attraction, the certain state prisoners, among whom was refraction of light, and chemical actions, Mavromichalis. (q. v.) A provisional depend on the latter, which is the law government was established, under these of the molecular forces. Now, it is from leaders, and the insurgents took possesthis last class of forces that the laws of sion of Poros, with the Hellas and the equilibrium and motion ought to be de- rest of the Greek fleet lying in that harbor. duced, and not from hypotheses entirely In August, a Russian fleet appeared off gratuitous respecting the absolute hard- Poros, which stood in to attack the ships, ness, rigidity and incompressibility of while the troops of the president attacked bodies-qualities which have no existence the town. Miaulis, however, blew up the in nature. The only obstacle to the at- ships, to prevent their falling into the tainment of this desirable result seems to hands of the Russians; and the troops of be the difficulties of the calculus. It is, the president, which found Poros deserted indeed, impossible to deduce the laws of by its inhabitants, reduced it to ashes. motion from the action of molecular Meanwhile, the Mainots were acting forces in any other manner than by the against the government by land ; but the application of a very refined and difficult appearance of the Russian fleet in the analysis ; yet the subject presents some gulf of Coron obliged Miaulis, who had facilities, and there are considerations been coöperating with the Mainots with which go far to obviate the mathematical a small squadron, to destroy it, as he had difficulties. For example, in deducing previously done the Greek fleet in Poros. the equations of equilibrium of solid and In October, George, the son, and Conliquid bodies, it is not necessary to com- stantine, the brother of Pietro Mavromipute the total force acting on an isolated chalis, repaired to Napoli di Romania, molecule. These equations depend on for the purpose of assassinating the presi dent; and they accomplished their object on the 9th, at the door of the church. The one discharged a pistol at his head, the other stabbed him in the back, and he fell dead upon the spot. Constantine was immediately put to death by the bystanders, and George was detained in custody. CAPSICUM. (See Cayenne Pepper.) CAR, Robert. (See Överbury.) CARACAL. (See Lynx.) CARDINAL BIRD. (See Grosbeak.) CARDINAL FLOWER. (See Lobelia.) CARDING ENGINE. (See Cotton Manufacture.) CARIGNANO. The prince of Carignano is now king of Sardinia. (See Sardinia.) CARLISLE, EARL OF. (See Howard, Frederic.) CARLOS, don Maria Isidro, Infant of Spain, second son of Charles IV, and brother of Ferdinand VII, was born in March, 1788, and, in 1816, married Maria Francisca d'Assisi, daughter of John VI, king of Portugal, by whom he has three sons-Carlos, born in 1818; Juan, born in 1822; and Fernando, born in 1824. The prince shared with his brothers (see Ferdinand VII) the captivity of Valençay, after having previously signed with them the act renouncing all claims to the throne of Spain. In March, 1814, he returned with them to Spain, and, from that time, continued attached to the court of Ferdinand, and accompanied him, in 1823, when the cortes were in the ascendant, to Cadiz. It was not until after the restoration of absolute monarchy (Oct. 1, 1823) that he attracted the public attention. His principles in respect to the monarchy, the. church and the inquisition; his hatred of the free-masons and liberals; his notions of absolute power; and the circumstance that, owing to the infirm health of the king, who had no children, the crown might soon be placed upon his head, together with the great favor which he enjoyed with the royal troops-rendered him, perhaps without his aiming at it, the rallying point of the violent counter-revolutionary faction, called the apostolical junta, which has agitated Spain since 1824, and repeatedly menaced the throne of Ferdinand. This fanatical party clamored for the utter extermination of the liberals and the free-masons, the restoration of the inquisition, and an absolute king, under the management of the clergy. Ferdinand was by no means disposed to yield to the wishes of this faction, but often followed the advice of foreign courts, and listened to moderate counsellors. He was, therefore, in their eyes, a prisoner, who was surrounded by bad influences; and it became their object to remove him from the throne. They accordingly coöperated with the absolutists in Portugal, who had similar designs in regard to that country. Repeatedly put down by force, the followers of the junta were not discouraged, and their secret leaders were never discovered. In their various conspiracies, though probably without his consent or knowledge, the name of the Infant don Carlos was made use of to serve their purposes. In 1825, Santos Ladron, and the notorious Antonio Maragnon, a runaway Trappist, raised the standard of revolt in Navarre, with cries of Viva el rey absoluto don Carlos V, y muera la nazion! (Long live the absolute king Charles V, and death to the nation). In Valencia, Grenada and other provinces, similar scenes occurred. Bessières also appears to have organized his insurrection, the pretence of which was the deliverance of the king from the hands of his ministers, under the direction of the apostolical junta; but he was taken and shot (Aug. 26, 1826) before he could accomplish his plan. (See ZeaBermudez.) Still several guerilla leaders in Cervera, general Chambo in Valencia, and the canons of Tolosa, ventured to proclaim Charles V absolute king; and, at last, an open rebellion broke out in Catalonia, in September, 1827. The cry of the 14,000 insurgents, who called themselves Agraviados, was, Death to Ferdinand! Long live Charles V! Hurrah for the Inquisition! Medals were struck with his effigy, and the inscription Charles V, King of Spain; and a regular government was organized in his name. The government finally laid the storm, general España, at the head of 20,000 troops of the line, having defeated the rebels. The king naturally entertained some suspicions of his brother, and an open rupture between them ensued, when, on the death of his third wife, Ferdinand determined to marry a fourth time, and thus endanger his brother's succession. The marriage took place in December, 1829; and, in 1830, the hopes of the apostolic party were disappointed by the pragmatic sanction of March 29, abolishing the Salic law, which excluded females from the throne. In September, riots occurred in the vicinity of the palace, which seemed to have been got up by the Carlists for the purpose of alarming the queen, then in a delicate situation. On the 12th of October, she was safely delivered of a daughter, who, as heiress of the throne, received the title of princess of Asturias. In October, 1832, the king's them. If we are beaten on the plains, we life being despaired of, don Carlos and his will retreat to our mountains, and defy partisans began openly to take measures them. Our resources will increase with for securing his succession to the throne: our difficulties. Necessity will force us but the queen, who had been placed at the to exertion, until, tired of combating in head of the government during the king's vain against a spirit which victory after sickness, and who was convinced that the victory cannot subdue, your armies will apostolical party, if left in power, would evacuate our 'soil, and your country reexclude her family from the throne, re- tire an immense loser from the contest. moved them from the ministry, and filled No, sir; we have made up our minds to the chief offices of the government with abide the issue of the approaching strugmen of moderate or liberal principles. gle; and, though much blood may be Don Carlos was ordered to retire into spili, we have no doubt of our ultimate Grenada ; and it has since been said that success." Mr. Carroll entered the prohe was about to quit the kingdom with vincial convention in 1775, and, previous his family. to his election as a member of congress, CARNAC. (See Thebes.) in 1776, was deputed, by the latter body, CAROB-TREE. (See St. John's Bread.) to Canada, with Franklin and Chase, He Carroll, Charles, for many years the returned from his mission during the dislast survivor of the signers of the Declara- cussion in congress of the subject of intion of Independence, was born at An- dependence, with an avidity for the decnapolis, in Maryland, on the 20th of Sep- laration which prompted him to every tember, 1737. His grandfather, an Irish endeavor for the immediate conversion of Catholic of rank, educated for a barrister, the Maryland legislature to that measure. emigrated from Ireland to Maryland in the lle did not take his seat in congress until year 1691. The surviving signer" received the 18th of July; and the case of the sighis classical instruction on the continent nature to the instrument is thus authentiof Europe, at the college of Louis le cally explained in his biography: “ AlGrand, studied the civil law at Bourges, though Mr. Carroll did not vote on the and completed his general education in question of independence, yet he was Paris. Thence he repaired to London, among the earliest of those who affixed where he took apartments in the Temple their signatures to its declaration. The for a course of British jurisprudence. In printed journals of congress, indeed, make 1764, he came back to Maryland, to enter it appear that the Declaration of Indeupon a princely inheritance. Embarking pendence was adopted and signed on the in politics, he exerted his talents and in- 4th of July, by the gentlemen whose fluence against the stamp act, with as names are subscribed to it under the head much earnestness as if he had nothing to of that date; but the impression thus givlose, and had never lived under monarchi- en is incorrect, because, in fact, not one cal rule abroad. In 1770, he distinguish- signature was affixed to the declaration ed himself, particularly by opposing a until the 2d of August. The idea of signstretch of prerogative on the part of the ing does not seem to have occurred imroyal governor of Maryland, in a series of mediately; for not until the 19th of July, essays, signed the First Citizen, that ob- as will appear by reference to the secret tained a complete triumph for the popular jonrnals, did the resolution pass, directing party, and for the author, even before he the declaration to be engrossed on parchwas ascertained, fervid compliments and ment. This was accordingly done; and, thanks from all quarters. Hlis decided on the 2d of August following, when the and active participation, during the years engrossed copy was prepared, and not be1773, 1774, and 1775, in all the ineasures fore, the declaration was signed by the of resistance to the ministerial policy, members who on that day were present in confirmed the confidence of the people in congress. Among these was Mr. Carroll. his dispositions and abilities. Testimony Those members who were absent on the is furnished of his having, as early as 20 of August, subscribed the declaration 1772, forescen and resolved to breast the as soon after as opportunity offered." Mr. occurrence of war. Some years before Carroll served assiduously as a member the commencement of actual hostilities, of the board of war, and continued in he wrote to a member of parliament, congress until the year 1778, after which “Your thousands of soldiers may come; he confined himself to the internal state but they will be masters of the spot only business. In the year 1781, he was reon which they encamp. They will find elected to the senate of Maryland, in nought but enemies before and around which he had already served five years, |