the discovery of the interment, under the superintendence of our honorary member, the Rev. Canon Greenwell, in 1866. It was found by digging about three feet under the present surface, about the centre of the circle, and it consisted of the remains of a sun-baked urn inclosed in a rude cell of flat stones, to prevent the pressure of earth. The urn contained calcined bones and black earth. No. 4.-Standing on the south-west of No. 3, there are three or four large upright stones, which have formed part of the boundary of what has evidently been a cairn. The plateau of the cairn is easily made out, although the stones composing it have been removed down to the level of the ground; and it has occupied a circle of about fifteen feet in diameter. It has evidently been disturbed, and searches have been made at some former period for the interment, by diggings in the centre, and by cross trenches. This cairn presents the following peculiarity, which has been noticed elsewhere, viz., that from portions of its circumference, there proceed three spoke-like projections, or prolongations of cairn structure, extending from it in a straight direction for several yards. These supplemental appendages no doubt would be added at a date posterior to the formation of the central mound, and in all probability were raised over secondary or subsequent burials. This same arrangement is even better seen in the next and more important monument we arrive at, No. 5. From No. 4 a line of stones may be traced for some hundred yards, proceeding in a westerly direction; they pass by a small circle of fourteen feet in diameter, with a single stone of large size in the centre, in all probability the remains of a dilapidated cromlech, and leads towards No. 5.-This is the most important of these sepulchral remains on Moor Doveack, from the fact of this cairn covering the largest area :—from its form and extent being well marked -on account of its elevation above the level of the ground— and from its presenting to view, at the present moment, an excellent and perfect specimen of a kist-vaen or stone chamber. This cairn has been formed by the heaping together of a quantity of stones, of every variety of size, for even some large boulders still remain, which appear to have bounded the circumference of the case. The diameter of the circle is about twenty yards. Here, as in No.4, you find the same spoke-like projections, or (to appropriate a botanical simile) gibbous appendages appendages, to which I have adverted. There are three of these; one to the north, one to the south, and one to the west, each about thirteen yards in length, and two yards in breadth, imparting, on a bird's-eye view, a kind of star-fish appearance to the structure. Not precisely in the centre of the circle, but a little to the south-east of that point, lies the stone chamber. The measurements of the cavity of this stone-chest are four feet six inches long, two feet wide, and one foot seven inches deep. The two sides are formed of single blocks of the mountain limestone of the district, roughly shaped, and set on edge in an upright position; the two ends are closed by a roundshaped cobble. The lid is formed of a single slab of limestone, four feet six inches long, three feet wide, and five inches thick. The plane of the kist-vaen has a direction nearly north and south. This chamber, when first laid open a few years ago, contained the remains of a skeleton, and on a visit to it two years ago, I found a number of fragments of human bones still remaining. The body must have been deposited in a bent or contracted position, the length of the stone-chest being only four-and-a-half feet. It is not, however, exclusively on high elevated situations, such as this on Barton Fell and Moor Doveack, that we are to look for the vestiges of ancient burial places. On the rough, stony, uncultivated surface of these high-lying moors, we find the remains of the cromlech, surrounded or not with stone circles, and the remains of the cairn mound, of stones, or of stones and earth combined. But the low-lying marshy ground by rivers' sides, the morass, the swampy hollows, useless and uncultivated on account of their wetness, seems equally to have been appropriated for burial places by some clans at certain epochs. I have seen evidences of these graves on low marshy ground at Penruddock; at Beckses, near Motherby; on Cliburn Ling, in Newton Reigny parish; several on Hunsonby and Skirwith Moors, and various other localities; and also near this lake, at Crookadyke, near Crossdormont. In such cases on account of the softness of the substratum, I suppose, the monument ceases to be a raised barrow or cairn; but consists of large boulders, set round at regular intervals, in simple or composite circles. In the course of ages these stones have sunk in their beds, so as to be partially buried, and in many cases wholly so, their tops only being exposed; or their situation merely being marked by hillocks in the rough sod which covers them. It is relevant to the sphere ground of the present monograph, that I should indicate to you some extensive vestiges of such prehistoric relics within the region of this lake, which have remained undescribed and unknown to archæologists; these I literally stumbled upon last summer, in a manner purely accidental. Descending the left bank of the Eamont, after leaving Dunmawland after passing a few enclosures you arrive at a small field of about an acre in extent. The surface of this field, two years ago, was studded with stumps and hillocks overgrown with moss and herbage. There stood near the far hedge, a very large block of stone; its height above the surface was about three feet; it was blasted, and six cartloads of stone were carried from it, but much was left on the ground. You can still see the places from whence this and many other large stones have been removed; and in the disposition of these, and of the hillocks I have spoken of, you can mark a circular arrangement. This and the next field go by the name of Yamonside. It is to this next field I am about to refer; and the adjoinging chart will exhibit the site and location of these buried circles; I have made a plan also, in which is indicated the disposition and bearings, and distances of the separate stones so far as they can be traced by the marks on the surface. This meadow is about 80 yards wide, and 150 yards long, and contains an area of 2-448 acres ; it is skirted on its eastern border by the river Eamont. Most of this field is of a wet and swampy character. At the distance of eighteen yards from the river side, you notice the first hillock; strike the ferrule of your stick through the soft sod; it impinges on a block of stone, occupying a considerable surface, and evidently of considerable size; observe all around, there are similar hillocks; here and there the stones crop out of the surface, and you can estimate their probable magnitude. By a little circumspection, the eye of the observer can begin to trace a series of concentric circles. In the midst, there is a stone much larger than the rest. The top of it is of a hog-backed shape; it stands about a foot out of the ground, and its back is eight-and-a-half feet long and three feet thick. This I take to be the principal "maenhir" or long stone. Fix the end of your tape line on the centre of this stone, and you shall find twelve or thirteen stumps of stones or hillocks, at nearly equal distances from each other, occupying a circumferential position position, in a circle of which the radius is about ten yards. Without this inner circle No. I, at the radius distance of fourteen or fifteen yards, nine stones or hillocks, placed in a concentric form, may be traced, forming circle No. 2. Without this, at the radius distance of eighteen or twenty yards, concentric circle No. 3 is found, consisting of eighteen or twenty stones; and beyond this circle, No. 4, at the radius distance of twenty-four to twenty-seven yards, the sites of thirteen or fourteen stones can be fairly made out. Here then, we have a complete peristalith of four concentric circles set round a monolith; of which circles the outermost has a diameter of 52 yards, or 156 feet, and in the formation of which there are at least fifty boulders of which we can mark the position. Viewed in its pristine and perfect state, this elaborate and composite monument must have afforded a typical representation of Celtic sepulture; and that, too, not devoid of appropriate grandeur, and solemnity, and significance. These massive boulders, torn by nature from their parent rocks-polished and scored, it might be, by glacial actionbut unchiselled and untooled by hand of man-(for at latest we are in the age of bronze)-set in their endless circular lines-standing alone in their barbaric ruggedness-symbolise to the mind, images of eternity and infinity, and monumental stability, with far greater force and faithfulness, than does the most ornate mausoleum, the most pompous epitaph, or the most priceless marble ever sculptured by the hand of an Angelo. But alas! for the mutability of human devices; these megaliths, raised by the labour of savage hordes-the silent sentinels of the funeral fires of races of chieftains two thousand years ago-the cynosure, doubtless, of neighbouring tribes-are now passed by, unheeded or unseen by every wayfarer; while Nature's mound, the great stronghold of those septs, Dun maolin, the mound of the beacon pile, frowns over the plain as of yore; and the river to which it gives the name, the Ea mown-the water of the mound-flows by everlastingly, in mockery, as it were, of the fading of man's handiwork. ART. ART. XVII-A Survey of the Roman Road from Maryport to Papcastle. By the late Frechville Lawson Ballantine Dykes, Esq., Dovenby Hall. Read by Dr. Bruce, at Maryport, July 7th, 1870. of THE HE Roman Road from the station of Olenacum (Maryport) to that of Derventio (Papcastle), we may consider to leave the former by the south-east gate, and proceed as indicated on the plan, over the first two fields; but the plough has obliterated all trace. At the second hedge, that of a large grass field, the trace is very distinct; a side cutting leads down by an easy curve and slope to the turnpike road, whence it traverses the park in front of Netherhall to a point where the substructure is discovered. It then crosses the Ellen and the railway to the top of the bank, formerly an easier slope, till cut into its present abrupt form by the railway. There are no indications of the crossing in the immediate vicinity of the river-attributable to the action of water, in a changeable course-nor of any kind of bridge, if such would have been used. It is probable the Ellen flowed in a different course. That is even seen in all plans extant. A neighbouring much larger river, the Derwent, was evidently crossed only by a ford, as may be seen in the south road at Papcastle-and eighteen centuries alter rivers as other things. Distinct indications of the road are found again at the top of the bank on the south side of the river Ellen. The line then crosses the field and a small corner of the adjoining meadow, where, as comparatively undisturbed by the plough, the smaller materials appear on the surface in the ditch, the larger in the hedges adjoining. I may remark here that as the line crosses the fields and hedges in this part, instead of following, or rather being followed by the latter, as in other parts, the materials have been removed and scattered by the plough in cultivation. And the information of old people as to any body of stone that had formerly been met with by the plough, quite tallied with points otherwise clearly established. Over the hill in the next field, a barley-field, the line of the smaller rubble brought up by the plough, could be distinctly traced. A considerable deposit of the larger material, long removed and overgrown with brush, is lying in an adjoining corner. W At |