accommodation. Below these are some suspicious looking staircases leading down to the groundworks, facing the river Eamont, which, though filled up with rubbish, there is little doubt led to the dismal dungeons or prisons of the castle, The dungeons, as in some other places, were not in the keep, but in a detached building. Machell, without giving his authority, says that the last Roger, Lord Clifford, built the greatest part of Brougham Castle, next to the east, whereon his own arms and his wife's, cut in stone, are joined together; his wife also was Maud Beacham, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Warwick. In time of her widowhood she built and repaired much about this castle, for it was her jointure. She lived much here and made Maud Pool, which retains her name to this very day. The coat of armour of Roger Lord Clifford, impaling that of his wife Maud, was in existence at the time Hutchinson wrote his "Tour to the Lakes," viz., in 1766, and was placed over the said southern gateway. He says, speaking of the castle," On the outward gate, the remains of the arms of the Vallibus or Vaux family are to be observed, being chequy, or and gules; from whence I am led to conjecture they were builders or great contributors to the work." It scarcely need be observed that Hutchinson has mistaken between the arms of Vaux, barons of Gilsland, checky, or and gules, and those of Clifford, ckecky, or and azure, a fesse gules. There are not the slightest grounds for supposing that either Vaux of Gilsland or any other Vaux had any connection with the castle and manor of Brougham or with any other land in the parish, and there is no reason whatever why their arms should appear about the castle. When Hutchinson saw the stone time had probably effaced the fesse on the Clifford shield, and he had thus mistaken it for that of Vaux. I believe the stone with the inscription "Thys made Roger," now occupies the place of the coat of arms. It was placed there under the direction of the Rev. C. Barham, when he repaired the castle. The inscription itself simply denotes that Roger planned and erected that part of the castle in which the stone was placed; it has nothing to do with the castle making Roger, as suggested in Nicholson and Burn, and some other writers. Such inscriptions are not uncommon; e.g. the pillar erected in St. Mary's Church Beverley and inscribed "This pillar made the Mynstrells;" and I believe some such inscription may be seen at the hall opposite. To To tell the story of those who dwelt in this castle of Brougham from the time of Simon de Morville down to the Countess of Pembroke would be not only to write the history of the county of Westmorland, but in some sort, of the country; for these Cliffords were a brave and noble race, and were almost always engaged on one side or the other in the wars that disturbed the kingdom, as well as those against the Scots. Placed on the borders of the realm, this castle would naturally receive the first attacks of our warlike neighbours in their journeyings southward, and its possessors could not avoid taking an active part in the ever recurring skirmishes in their marches. In the Scotch Rolls there is an entry in the time of Edward III, ordering the constable of the Castle of Brougham to receive men of the marches and their goods, and when the beacon fire warned the gallant knights and yeomen of Westmorland that the wife of some border chieftain had served her lord with a pair of clean spurs for his supper, and he and his henchmen were on horseback to replenish the larder, Brougham would offer a ready retreat and safe protection against those lawless marauders. During the long period from the time of Henry III until, at all events, the time of James I, this castle was one of the principal residences of the Clifford family. It seems on several occasions to have fallen into decay, from the neglect of those to whom it was entrusted during some minority, and especially through the carelessness and rapacity of the Prior of Carlisle, to whom it was given as guardian of Sir Robert de Veteripont; and if we are to trust the accounts given in various inquisitiones post mortem, it appears to have sometimes been of little value, owing to the devastations and destruction caused by the Scots. I might mention some of those who at various times seem to have enjoyed the hospitality of Brougham Castle, viz.,Baliol, of whose visit Holingshed gives an account, but it will suffice if I allude to the visit of King James, in 1617, on his return from Scotland.—“Our king," says quaint Arthur Wilson in his History of King James,' "dedicated his summer to the northern climate. It is now fourteen years' revolution since the beams of majesty appeared in Scotland. He began his journey with the spring, warming the country as he went with the glories of the court, taking such recreations by the way as might best beguile the daies and cut them shorter, but lengthen the nights, contrary to the seasons. For what with hawking, hawking, hunting, and horse racing, the days quickly ran away; and the nights with feasting, maskery, and dancing were the more extended; and the king had fit instrument for these sports about his person, as Sir Geo. Goring, Sir Edw. Zouch, Sir John Finnes, and others that could fit and obtemperate the king's humour. For he loved such representations and disguises in their maskeradoes, as were witty and sudden, the more ridiculous the more pleasant." Whether the king hunted in the forest of Whinfell is not very certain, nor is it very clear how long he stayed at Brougham Castle. Nicholls, in his Progresses, makes him to have stayed only one night. Machel says he lodged here two nights together, in the same chamber, where Margaret Countess Dowager of Cumberland, on the 24th of May preceding, put off this life; and where her husband, George Earl of Cumberland was born; and if Bishop Nicholson is to be trusted, it would appear from his visitation book, that his majesty did enjoy the pleasures of the chase in Whinfell." I saw not the registries of Brougham and Clifton, (he writes, in 1703,) but the Rector at whose house they are kept, assures me that they are each above one hundred years old, and that the former contains a particular account of King James the first, entertainment, hunting, etc., at this castle, as he returned this way from Scotland." That he enjoyed a maskeradoe there is no doubt. Henry, Lord Clifford, (who, according to the account of the Countess of Pembroke, absolutely governed his father and the estate for twenty years,) knowing the king's partiality for masks and interludes, had one especially composed for his entertainment at Brougham Castle, of such a musical and poetic character as found favour at this time. The title to this mask is "The ayres that were sung and played at Brougham Castle, Westmorland, for the king's entertainment given by the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Cumberland, and his right noble son, Lord Clifford, composed by Mr. Geo. Mason, and Mr. John Easdon, London; printed by Thos. Snodham, cum privilego, 1618.” 1. This mask commences with a dialogue sung the first night, the king being at supper. 2. Another dialogue, to be sung at the same time, with a chorus. Treble, counter-tenor, and base. 3. The king's good night, as follows: Welcome! Welcome! king of guests, With joyful triumph, and with feasts, Frolick Frolick and mirth, the soul of earth, Welcome! welcome! as the sun Such a morn Did ne'er adorn The rises of the east, As the north Hath now brought forth, The northern man is best, And so, best king, good night. After the king's visit, the castle seems to have gone very much into decay, if we are to judge from the Countess of Pembroke, who describes how she repaired it. "After I had Her been there myself to direct the building of it, did I cause my old decayed castle of Brougham to be repaired, and also the tower called the Roman tower, in the said old castle, and the court house, for keeping my courts in, with some dozen or fourteen rooms to be built in it, upon the old foundation." And, as was her custom, she caused the fact of these repairs to be inscribed upon stone and set up in the castle. grandson, Lord Thos. Tufton before whom, Machell says, nothing was able to stand, pulled down a great portion of the castle in 1691, and in 1714, the timber and lead was sold, and purchased by Mr. Markham and Mr. Anderton of Penrith; much of the old wainscotting fell into the hands of the neighbouring villagers and, it is said, several curious pieces of carved wood work may yet be found in some of the houses in the district. The ruins of this ancient castle did indeed find a protector in Mr. Barham, who at considerable expense restored some of the decayed places, and adopted judicious means for preventing its further ruin. But if that Roger who built the larger portion of the castle and left his mark upon it," Thys made Roger"-could now revisit the place he might well look on the ruined castle, and the chase at Whinfell, and exclaim with Bolingbroke, they have "Disparked my parks and felled my forest woods, ART. ART. VIII.—Kendal Castle. By J. Whitwell, Esq., M.P., of Kendal. Read at the Museum, Kendal, August 29th, 1867. STA TANDING on a rounded hill, nearly in the centre of the valley, formed by three sister streams of almost equal magnitude, meeting and mingling their waters thenceforth, in first merry, then hurried, and finally placid journey to the ocean, Kendal Castle forms a conspicuous object to every traveller passing northward, or towards the Lakes. Although in a deplorable state of ruin, it is still prominent in the landscape, and naturally invites the inquiry, when and by whom was it erected? It is to be regretted that no chronicle records the period, or the name of its founder. The situation it occupies, would be selected by any strategist seeking a position of defence. in the valley. Nor can anyone doubt that the skill and necessities of the Roman officer who first commanded the camp at Water Crook would induce him to take possession of the Castle Hill, and as he had done at Helme End, so would he do here, erect earthworks, and establish a camp of observation. An intelligent observer will remark on the north sides of the walls considerable embankments outlying the fortifications of the ancient castle, and which are in all probability the remains of Roman works of defence. Let us for a moment recur to this locality at the time when Roman troops occupied the camp at Water Crook (Concangium). When Low Burrow Bridge, twelve miles away, the fortress of Alaunce was occupied by another portion of the legion at Water Crook, and when at the camp at Ambleside (Dictis) a wing of a different legion was quartered. The road had then been made along the Lune by Crosby Ravensworth to Brougham and Brough, &c. (Verteræ and Brocavum). Another road passed over Hard Knot to the west coast; and a short mountain road existed from Kendal over the High Street to Brougham and old Penrith. The north-west of England was alive in those days with the passing to and fro of Roman legions between positions on the furthermost boundary of their empire in Scotland and the south, and their establishments and dependants whose homes were situated in the cultivated but guarded stations in the rear were continually on the move. The |