of a quill and ribbed lengthwise; or of flat pieces of bark which, to judge from their size and form, evidently belong to said fragments. A glance at the horizontal section of one of these pieces with a magnifying glass proves distinctly that the varied shaped component parts belong to cne and the same monocotyledonous species. The stem is composed of closely arranged bundles of dense fibres and covered by a comparatively thin bark traversed by hard, whitish streaks. This part of the drug has a specific odour and a delicate taste, slightly reminding one of vanilla. Microscopic Characters.-The peridermis consists of five to eight rows of flat cells, some of which are thin-walled, the majority, however, being thickened almost to obliteration. The cells of the bark parenchyma are large and thin-walled, scarcely 0.5 mm. broad and covering but a small area. In older plants they reach 2 millimetres in width and have numerous irregularly disposed fibres which are, each of them, distinguished by a well-developed bast bundle presenting a kidney-formed section, in the concavity of which, which always faces inwards, are a small number of narrow trachea. A few isolated, spindleshaped, strongly solidified bast fibres, 0.025 mm. in diameter, are to be found irregularly distributed amongst the parenchyma. The vascular bundles of the plant are Fig. 14.-Vascular bundle from the central portion distinct from the peripheric fibres owing to the different location of the bast and the greater development of the wood, in which occurs a single vessel, or more seldom a pair of vessels, distinguished by a broad lumen (0-15 mm.). Raphidae and glandular ducts are found within the principal parts of the stem and especially in the bark parenchyma. This ingredient of the tonga is derived, as Holmes (Pharm. Journ. and Trans., 1880, p. 889) bad first suspected, and as has since been repeatedly proved, from a species of Aroid found in the Fiji and New Hebrides Islands, and known under the name of Raphidophora vitiensis, Schott. It is a variety of the Raphidophora pertusa, Schott, Monstera pinnatifida, C. Koch, found on the coast of Coromandel, in Ceylon, Java, Timor, and in those parts of Australia which lie within the tropics. N. E. Brown, in Gardner's Chronicle, designates Epipremnum mirabile, Schott, Raphidophora lacera, Hassk., as the plant from which this ingredient of tonga is obtained; but this is probably an error, since the latter variety has hitherto been found in Java only, while we know that tonga was first produced and brought from the Fiji Islands. These two varieties are, however, closely allied. They belong to the forms of Araceae which A. Engler distinguishes by their double-rowed leaves, by their branches ending in a flower, and in each vegetation period springing afresh from the shoulder of the leaf again to a flower. The Raphidophora of the Fiji Islands, called by the natives nai-yalu" or "walu," is a creeper whose vines, to judge from the fragments thereof as found in commerce, attain the thickness of a man's thumb, at least. The other and less bulky component part of this drug, consists of small particles of bark, seldom as large as a finger-nail, and not more than 1 millimetre in thickness. The outer side of this bark is scaly, and in colour it varies from an ochre yellow to a tile-brown hue; the inner side is dark brown and wrinkled. It is a fine-grained, brittle bark, showing a chocolate-coloured section sprinkled with bright spots or points, and is wholly insipid and odourless. Microscopic Structure.-The corky layer, which is no thicker than paper, is composed of cubic cells, with walls almost always very thin on the inner side, but occasionally thickened. This coating lies immediately contiguous to Fig. 15.-Section through the bast of Premna Taitensis. c, cork; 8, sieve-plate; st, stone-cells. the inner bark, which is traversed by one- to three-seried medullary rays, the alternating spaces between which seldom exceeding 0.5 mm. The bast rays consist of alternately arranged layers of parenchyma and sieve tubes; the membranes of both are dense, present an almost gelatine-like appearance, and are wholly devoid of bast fibres. On the other hand, groups of parenchyma often become sclerotic, which change is frequently accompanied by a moderate increase of their elements, the form of which, however, is not materially changed. The density of the walls of these, although formed of the most delicate layers, increases to an almost complete solidification, but they are still perforated by numerous minute pores, visible only under a very powerful microscope. Where the stone cells of neighbouring groups come in contact with each other, which, by the way, but seldom occurs, the medullary ray passing through them becomes sclerotic. Nearly all the medullary ray cells, as also many of those of the bast-parencbyma, are heavily charged with crystal sand or rhaphides. The sieve-tubes are somewhat more open; their transverse plates are occasionally to be seen in the section of the bark itself. (See Fig. 15.) Mueller says that this ingredient is the bark of the Premna taitensis, DC. (Pharm. Centralb., 1881, p. 548), a species of the Verbenaceae found on the Society Islands, and called "aro" by the natives, and in this he is corroborated by its anatomical structure. (Compare Tectona, J. Mueller, Anatomy of the Barks,' p. 176.) The plant is a shrub or small tree, the smaller twigs of which are somewhat sticky; its leaves, which grow to the length of 8 cm., are oviform, shortly acuminate, heartshaped at the base, smooth and naked on both surfaces, and shiny on the upper side. The stem of the leaf, as also that of the blossom, is, to some extent, hairy. The flowers are very small and arranged in large groups at the end of the twigs on which they are found. The calyces are slightly cup-formed, almost double-lipped. The small whitish blossom contains four stamens attached to the tube. The fruit is a pea-formed berry, containing one seed. It is and has long since been well known, that the leaves of certain other varieties of Premna (e.g., P. fætida, Reinw., P. integrifolia, L.) are used as food, particularly for flavouring purposes, in the Sunda and Molukka Islands and in East India. In view of the variations (see Gehe and Co's Commercial Report, September, 1880) in the samples of this drug on its introduction, it is perhaps necessary for me distinctly to state that the samples of tonga which I have at various times received from America have always been found to be exactly alike and to contain invariably the two ingredients mentioned alone, and never leaves. The London doctors, Ringer and Murrell, first recommended this drug as a remedy for neuralgia (see Pharm. Centralb., 1881, p. 30) and it soon attained great notoriety.* The Lancet, March, 1880, says that Sydney Ringer received this remedy from a Mr. Ryder, who brought it from the Fiji Archipelago, stating that a certain European, who had married the daughter of a chief, had learned the secret from his father-in-law, in whose family it had been an heirloom for some two hundred yearsthe old story, with slight variations, so often told before, of drugs our knowledge of which first came from the missionaries. This first sample of tonga was subjected to a chemical analysis by Gerrard (Pharm. Journ. and Trans., 1880, p. 849), the sole one as yet reported. The fibres contain a volatile alkaloid, to which possibly it owes its virtues, such as they are, and which for the present we may call "tongin." The most important parts of the bark are, pectin, glucose, a little ethereal oil and fat. Tonga has not been able to firmly establish itself in Germany as an anti-neuralgic remedy. The Pharmaceutische Centralb., of December, 1881, says that this muchlauded medicine had even then become nearly forgotten in that country. In reply to this The Therapeutic Gazette, 1882, p. 40, says, rather mischievously, that the German faculties cannot be blamed for declining to handle a drug of the composition of which they know but little, if anything. Faculties are certainly not noted for experimenting with drugs of this nature, but should it appear that the drug under consideration has merit, we may entertain the certain hope that this obstacle to its full investigation will be overcome in due season. GINGER BEER PLANT.+ BY W. G. SMITH. | pan and wash it with cold water, then put it in the bottle again." To the unaided eye the Ginger Beer Plant looks like a lump of paste, and when placed under the microscope it is seen to consist of more than one of the yeast fungi, in a mucilaginous medium. It belongs to the group of fungi termed Saccharomyces, of which there are many species, the one used for beer being S. cerevisiae. Mr. Berkeley, Mr. Hoffmann, Mr. Huxley, and many other gentlemen, British and foreign, have written about yeast in its different forms and conditions. The "Ginger Beer Plant," like all other yeast fungi, excites fermentation in sweet solutions and sets free carbonic acid gas. As all the correspondents insist on this "American plant" being a new species I propose to humour them by calling it Zingibeerophora spumacephala! LIVAROT CHEESE.* One of the most popular cheeses in France, and one which is not only profitable in its manufacture but well adapted to our dairy farmers, is the Livarot, and the following is the description given of it by Mr. Long in one of his South Kensington lectures:-The cheese takes its name from the town of Livarot in the depart ment of Calvados, which is the principal centre of its manufacture. To the workmen it is almost indispensable. The milk taken from the cow is creamed on the following day, and poured into large wooden tubs Łolding about fifty gallons, being then brought to the temperature which it possessed on leaving the cow. The rennet is then added-in summer one, and in winter two dessert. spoonfuls being required for six gallons of milk (as a rule this rennet is made on the premises, several calves' stomachs being cured together),-and for each a large spoonful of salt and three glasses of water are added. In one or two hours the coagulation is complete, when the curd is broken up and laid upon rushes or a clean cloth Before placing in the moulds it is indispensable that the curd should be reduced to small cubes no larger than lumps of sugar. The curd is placed in the circular wooden moulds after having been left to drain for s quarter of an hour. In these moulds it completely drains and attains a proper consistence. This result can be obtained in three or four hours when it is warmed, but the quality of the cheese will be impaired, and it must not be left too long in the moulds-one to four days. according to the season of the year and the temperature. The moulds are turned over one hour after the curd has been placed in them, this operation being repeated half a dozen times before the cheeses are released. The cheeses are salted with the hand, and left for four or five days on inclined wood or stone tables, and then taken to the haloir or market. The haloir is an apartment with windows let into opposite walls, through which a current of air passes for the purpose of desiccating the cheeses placed in various stages upon lath racks, which have been pre The Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle has several times been requisitioned by correspondents (mostly anonymous) for a scientific description of the "Ginger Beer Plant." The correspondents want to know its botanical name and native country. The writer of this note has also been tormented weekly, almost daily, on the same subject for two or three years. Every one has been asking him for the "regular Latin or Greek name of the "Ginger Beer Plant." Benevolent old ladies, clergymen and officers of the Blue Ribbon Army, have called upon him, or written for a scientific explanation, hoping to make the "Ginger Beer Plant " a boon to the poor. One person wished to feed paupers with it; another hoped by its means to knock all the publicans on the head; a third to send it in barrels for the army in the Soudan. When such persons have been told it is merely a form of German yeast they have turned away disappointed and disgusted. Something more must evi-viously covered with straw. The cheeses are left in this dently be done for this rum shrub, of which I have recently had application for slips, rooted cuttings and seeds. The last letter sent to the Gardeners' Chronicle was to this effect:-"I cannot learn anything more about it than that it is an American plant. Cannot find out where it is procured -only how to make it. Empty the contents of the small bottle into the wine-bottle. Bruise about half an ounce of ginger, two tablespoonfuls of white sugar, put in a jug, pour boiling water over it, let it stand till nearly cold, then put the plant in the bottle of ginger, sugar, and water. Cork it tight, and when it begins to ferment the cork will fly out. The plant will grow if fed every day, and soon be enough for two bottles. It is best to empty it once a week into a *The name "Tonga" had previously been applied to a narcotic extract extract (see Pharm. Centralb., 1881, page 100) derived from Datura sanguinea, R. and P. + From the Gardeners' Chronicle. place for fifteen to thirty days, and then taken to the cave, all the apertures of which are closed and a uniform temperature kept. In consequence of the gas given of from the cheese the walls are not made of brick or stone, but of mortar mixed with chopped hay. The cheeses, placed on planks, are turned twice weekly in winter, and three times weekly in summer, being slightly wetted each time with pure water, and salted afresh where neces sary. At the end of eight or ten days in the cave they are placed on their edges on a species of sedge to assist the process of drying. They remain in the cave for three to six months, according to their size, and when packed for transmission to market are coloured with annata It requires about five pints of milk to make a cheese. September and October being the months chosen in which to make them. Several manufacturers of these cheeses make from 5000 to 8000 dozen in a season. From The Grocer, April 26, 1884. The Pharmaceutical Journal. diploma SATURDAY, MAY 3, 1884. Communications for the Editorial department of the Journal, books for review, etc., should be addressed to the EDITOR, 17, Bloomsbury Square. Instructions from Members and Associates respecting the transmission of the Journal should be sent to MR. ELIAS BREMRIDGE, Secretary, 17, Bloomsbury Square, W.C. Advertisements, and payments for Copies of the Journal, MESSRS. CHURCHILL, New Burlington Street, London, W. Envelopes indorsed "Pharm. Journ." CHEMISTS' ASSISTANTS IN FRANCE. in a school of pharmacy and the obtaining of a But it appears that in a considerable number of cases the pupil, from want of means or for other reasons, does not go on at once for a diploma and as he is still only an élève he obtains no amelioration of his position while acting as an assistant, notwithstanding his increased practical experience. It is estimated by M. PARISOT that in Paris there are from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty élèves unoccupied and about two hundred who have been compelled to accept situations of much lower value than they are capable of filling. But it was admitted that the number of élèves not in a situation is affected by the fact that some of them necessarily leave their employment to attend the courses of lectures. FOR Some past a Parliamentary Commission, appointed by the French Chamber of Deputies, has When we come to the causes to which the élèves been engaged in an investigation as to the causes attribute what they consider to be their present which have led to the present industrial crisis in unsatisfactory condition, it is pleasant to find that France and increased the number of the unemployed. there is no disposition manifested to raise trivial In the course of the inquiry the Commission has complaints against the employers as a class, but taken the evidence of representatives of various rather to find an explanation in circumstances that callings, and amongst others of the officials of the are unfavourable alike to employers and employed. Chambre Syndicale des Elèves en Pharmacie. By It is worthy of note also that some of these circumthe courtesy of a correspondent we have been supstances are similar to those that have largely affected plied with a copy of the evidence of the President of chemists and druggists in this country. During the this Association, M. PARISOT, and as an extremely last ten years, M. PARISOT says, the pharmacies in intelligent statement of the condition of a large class Paris have increased in number and decreased in of pharmacists' assistants in France, as well as an ex-value. Some of the new comers, in order to attract pression of the views of his confrères as to the causes a connection, have sold specialties at a discount that have contributed to the disadvantages under sometimes amounting to 25 per cent. Besides this, which they consider they labour and the methods the hours during which pharmacies are kept open available for their alleviation, it naturally proves to be have been augmented, so that whereas before 1870 very interesting. The evidence consists partly of a most of these establishments were not opened before written reply to what appears to have been a series half-past seven in the morning and were closed at of printed interrogatories addressed to the Associa-half-past nine at night, they are at present opened tion in common with other similar bodies, and partly of a supplementary viva voce statement which M. PARISOT was allowed to make before the Commission. at seven in the morning and are not closed until eleven at night, Nevertheless, M. PARISOT said he could refer to a dozen houses, which, although they have been conducted with the greatest care, have M. PARISOT premises that the general industrial decreased in value during this time by two-thirds. crisis in France affects pharmacy as it does all other So far as the élèves are concerned they appear to callings, but he expresses the surprise with which look for an improvement in their position in some he has observed, in following the evidence given enlargement of the field in which they may seek before the Commission, that all the callings officially employment. The desire expressed to the Comrepresented were better remunerated than pharmacy, mission in their name is that a diploma of “chemist' whilst they had fewer hours of labour. He estimates should be instituted, which would allow élèves who that the three thousand élèves en pharmacie in Paris do not possess the means for the purchase of pharreceive on an average, when neither boarded nor macies to enter manufactories of chemical products lodged, 190 francs per month. For this they serve, and other works as foremen, or in any other capacity on an average, fifteen hours a day, besides being in which their special knowledge and training could liable to night duty, for which they receive no extra be utilized. To some onlookers this will appear like pay. It will be remembered by those who have placing an unwarranted amount of faith in a name, read Mr. MÖLLER'S interesting account of modern for it is not quite clear why an élève who possesses pharmaceutical study,* that in France the pharma- capacity for such an appointment should not take centical student, after passing the required examina-one, if available, without waiting for a diploma. tion in the "classical" schools, has to serve three years in a pharmacy, after which, if he is in a position to do so, he proceeds to the three years' course * See Pharmaceutical Journal, [3], xii., 397. Another portion of the evidence, which, we confess, appears to us rather puerile, is that wherein a part of the depression under which élèves en pharmacie suffer is attributed indirectly to the unfair com THE USE OF METHYLATED SPIRIT IN petition of German chemical manufacturers. If it SQUIBB have an important bearing upon the conbe true that certain products are regularly pur- ditions under which manufacturers are allowed to chased in France and sent to Germany for mani-use duty-free spirit in this country. pulation, to be afterwards re-imported into France Referring to a Bill which has been introduced at a price 20 per cent. below their original cost, into the House of Representatives, having for its there might be reasonable ground for suspecting a object to exempt from duty any spirit to which a fraud, but it would be a fraud that French che- definite percentage of methyl alcohol has been added, mists should be competent to detect and protect | Dr. SQUIBB points out that it appears to be based themselves from. Moreover, one of the cases men- upon the theory that methyl alcohol once added to tioned as an illustration of the dishonesty of the clean spirit spoils it permanently and irrecoverably foreign manufacturer, that of the sophisticated for drinking purposes. This, of course, is a fallacy, quinine supplied to the hospitals, appears to be for it has long been known, as Dr. SQUIBB points singularly unfortunate, since, unless we are mis-out, that the methyl alcohol can be taken out with taken, the fraud was traced to the French con- comparative ease, and that obstacles to the cleaning tractor, who was convicted of the offence and of methylated spirit so as to render it capable of sentenced to a term of imprisonment that has hardly being used as a beverage are dependent rather upon yet expired. the honesty or fears of the manufacturer than upon any inherent difficulty in the operation. Indeed, the possibility of cleaning methylated spirit is recognized in the fact that the law forbids it to be done. In this country it is believed that the law-abiding spirit, confirmed perhaps by the vigilance of the Excise authorities, is sufficient practically to secure obedience to such a prohibition. But Dr. SQUIBB has evidently strong misgivings as to whether such an end can be attained in the United States, for he believes that many manufacturers would buy the methylated spirit, clean it sufficiently for their purposes at an expense of a few cents a gallon and take the risk of detection and a penalty following. To use his own words, "With a not uncommon disre"gard for law and indifference to crime, and "with sufficient cunning and care, such practices "could be easily carried on to any extent, and so "long as the cleaned spirit was used strictly for arts "and manufactures it would be argued that the "intent of the law would be fulfilled and no harm "done." But in view of the fact that spirit of wine containing the full proportion of methylic alcohel is utterly inapplicable for many purposes in the arts and manufactures, such practices would interfere with the business of honest manufacturers and tend to diminish their profits, because they would have to compete in business with less scrupulous opponents. THE arrangement, based upon the experiments made by Professors GRAHAM, HOFMANN, and REDWOOD, under which persons carrying on in this country manufacturing industries involving the use of spirit of wine have now for nearly thirty years been exempted from the payment of duty upon the spirit they use, if it be previously mixed with methylic alcohol in certain proportions, has been such a decided boon that the withdrawal of it could hardly be contemplated with equanimity. In the United States, however, manufacturers have since the war of secession been under the disadvantage of using spirit upon which they have had to pay a tax equal tɔ five or six times its actual original value. For various reasons the plan adopted in this country has been deemed impracticable there; probably one of the most forcible being that as at least one-half of the whole spirit revenue has been derived from alcohol used for manufacturing purposes the consequent loss seemed to be too great to incur. But the prosperity consequent upon peace has encouraged American financiers to contemplate even this eventuality, and for the last year or two the subject has been under the consideration of the Congress. Indeed, the question just now appears rather to lie between permitting the use of methylated spirit duty free and the abolition of the spirit duty in the United States altogether. Obviously either of these steps would be of vast importance to chemical manufacturers, and it is not surprising to find one so eminent as Dr. SQUIBB discussing the pros and cons of the question. In doing so he refers to some of the disadvantages attending the adoption of the artifice of methylating as a means of preventing fraud on the revenue, and he evidently uses them to enforce the argument for a total abolition of the duty. Fortunately or unfortunately, this latter course does not come within the range of the probabilities in British finance; nevertheless some of the points mentioned by Dr. So far the questions raised by Dr. SQUIRE, although of indirect interest to other countries, affect principally the citizens of the United States, who are quite competent to decide them without obtrusive advice. But it will be evident that their decision may exercise a far-reaching influence upon the manufacture of chemicals throughout the world. Doubtless American manufacturers have for several years past been heavily handicapped in their operstions, as compared with continental European manfacturers, who have had an untrammeled supply of duty-free spirit, or even with British manufacturers working under some restriction. This disadvante has been so great, that notwithstanding the ligh existing protective duties it has been possible so times to beat Americans out of their own markets. But it will hardly be consistent with the reputation of United States enterprise if such a condition of affairs survives either a partial or a total abolition of the spirit duty; indeed we should rather expect to find that the European manufacturers are encountering fresh and vigorous rivals in the other markets of the world. At the annual meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria last month it was resolved to take advantage of the passing of a "Companies' Statute" recently, "for the registration of scientific and literary associations and societies," to incorporate and register the Society under the title of the "Pharmaceutical Society of Australasia." In virtue of this registration the Society will become a body corporate, with perpetual succession, just as if it were incorporated by Royal Charter or by an Act of Parliament, and will be able to hold property in its ཝཱ own name without the intervention of trustees. Speaking upon this subject in his annual address, and evidently referring to the more inclusive range of the new title, the President expressed an opinion that under the new constitution, with its wide scope, there was no reason why the Society should not, in a few years, occupy a position as high and important as that of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. We hope the anticipation may be verified. A few weeks ago we mentioned (before, p. 675) that the New Zealand Government had issued an Order in Council requiring that every retail sale of strychnia or arsenic should be preceded by the production by the purchaser of a statutory declaration as to the purpose for which the poison was required, and that a meeting of pharmacists to discuss the subject was to be held in Dunedin. We learn now that as the result of a representation by the Pharmacy Board the Order has since been withdrawn. When the fact was brought under the cognizance of the colonial Premier that as a consequence of the Order the payment of half-a-crown stamp duty and the services of a justice of the peace had become the indispensable preliminaries to the purchase of a shillingsworth of poison the absurdity of the position was admitted and the obnoxious order cancelled. We have received a copy of the first part of a new quarterly journal, entitled 'Drugs and Medicines of North America,' which is to be "devoted to the historical and scientific discussion of the botany, pharmacy, chemistry and therapeutics of the medicinal plants of North America, their constituents, products and sophistications," and will be conducted by Messrs. J. U. and C. G. Lloyd, of Cincinnati. The plants treated of in this part are Clematis virginiana, Thalictrum dioicum, Thalictrum anemonoides, Anemone nemorosa and Anemone patens, all Ranunculaceous plants, from which it would appear that there is an intention to proceed by natural orders. The work is freely illustrated with well-executed uncoloured drawings of the plants and parts of them, as well as diagrams showing their microscopical structure, and bids fair to be a most valuable addition to the literature of the materia medica. Lloyd state that the United States Anemone patens, var. Nuttalliana, is so nearly like the foreign allied species that there is no reason why the future supply of the drug for that country should not be derived from the native plant, especially as the European species collected for medicinal use differ from each other as widely as from the variety of the species indigenous to America. The new number of The Asclepiad contains a variety of interesting articles, and among them a paper, by Dr. Richardson, on John Keats, who is claimed as "an Esculapian poet." The paper is illustrated by a beautifully executed portrait of the poet in his twenty-third year, the original picture from which it is taken being in the possession of Mr. Buxton Forman. In a paper recently read before the Hygienic Society of Berlin, Herr Miller reported the results of his endeavours to determine the nature of the ferment occurring in the mouth to which he is disposed to attribute the setting up of caries in the teeth. He stated that he had found the ferment to exist in the saliva and that it appeared to result from the growth of two forms of lactic acid fungi, which may prove to be reducible to a single species. In comparative tests as to the agents best suited to stop the development of the organisms and the consequent formation in the mouth of acid, to the action of which on the enamel of the teeth he considers the caries to be due, he found that a solution of corrosive sublimate, 1 in 500,000, checked the formation of acid, and a solution of 1 in 100,000, completely destroyed the organisms. He therefore thinks that a solution of corrosive sublimate, not strong enough to be dangerous, would be found a very effective mouth wash. The spores of the organisms were found to remain capable of development after an hour's boiling in a solution of meat extract. The organisms were also destroyed by solution of potassium permanganate, 1 in 1000; solution of carbolic acid, 1 in 500, and salicylic acid, 1 in 125, whilst the development of acid was checked by solutions of half these strengths. * The tariff law of the United States has provided still another nut for the superior officials to crack. A dispute appears to have arisen in respect to the essential oil of bitter almonds, which the importers claim to be covered by the term "almond oil,” and therefore to be on the free list, whilst the custom house "appraiser" holds that it is liable to pay an import duty of 25 per cent. as an essential oil. The next meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry will be held on Monday next, May 5, at 8 p.m., in the Chemical Society's Rooms, Burlington House. The papers to be read are: "On the Composition and Illuminating Power of Coal Gas," by Dr. Percy Frankland; and "On the Estimation of the Illuminating Power of Gas Burners, especially those of large size," by Mr. W. J. Dibdin. * The next meeting of the Chemists' Assistants' Association will be held on Wednesday, May 7, at 9 p.m., when a paper on "Tartar Emetic" will be In reviewing the subject of pulsatilla, Messrs. I read by Mr. C. Thompson. |