Commatties 10,000 Peons for carrying dooleys, &c. and working at the roads with the Commatties 60,000 Total 70.000 Two Riffallas of Topaffes, one of them having a Company of Europeans attached to it, of 100 strong A fentinal is called ezuddar; the rounds, kirwaun; the parole, nishane; a guard, munkulla: each tub has two galloper guns, three pounders, and each riffalla has two fix pounders. A koufhoun, or legion, is compofed of one tub of cavalry, four riffallas of infantry, and two eighteen pounders. The gallopers are drawn by mules, and all the draught cattle belong to 900 the circar. Each koushoun has an elephant attached to it, which is harneffed like a horfe, to affift the guns through difficulties. The cavalry and infantry are clothed alike, in a ftriped blue and white stuff, of coun150 try manufacture. The artillery have alfo a cotton ftuff, white ground, with large round blue fpots. The Manner of his passing his time in Camp. 50 180 250 Total 630 With the party, I fix pounder. Tippoo has made great alterations in the establishment of his troops. His father was partial to his cavalry, and kept up a much larger body than he does; he is partial to his infantry, and has made great augmen tation to them: 5000 of his own ftable horse are formed and trained regularly, and 2000 are as Mogul horfe; and there are not above 3000 of the hired horfe that can be called good cavalry the rest are more of the plundering kind. He has adopt ed Perfian terms for the words of command, which were heretofore given partly in English and partly in French; he has alfo altered the terms for the formation of the troops. In the cavalry, a troop (95 ftrong) is called a perus; the fubidar, a yew dar; a jemidar, furkele: a regiment (four yews) is called a tub: the commander, tubdar: a mowkoub is com, pofed of four tubs; the commander mowkouldar: the troopers are called fkur. In the infantry, a company (125 ftrong) is called a jowk; the fubidar, jowkdar; a jemidar, furkele: a battalion of four jowks is called a rifalla; the fepoys are called jih. He rifes fometimes at 7 o'clock, but more commonly at eight or nine in the morning; on halting days, washes and takes medicine; the bar ber then begins to fhave him, during which the head aukbar neoife, or news-writer, comes in with the letters that have arrived by the tappauls, and relates the news of the different countries, as he has received it. The officer commanding his guard then comes in, and makes his report; after which the adjutants of corps come, and make a report of their refpective corps. About twelve o'clock he goes to dinner, which is over in about an hour: he then holds his durbar, and tranfacts all business, civil and military, until five o'clock: he then gives out the parole, which he takes from the planets, or figns of the zodiac, writing it himself in a book, which is depofited with his own guard, where the adjutant-general (for each cutcherry has an adju tant-general) comes and takes it; after which he lays down and fleeps about an hour, rifes, and makes his fecond meal: the mounchies, or fecretaries, are then called in; they read read the letters that have been received during the day, and he gives his orders for anfwering them :-all this done, and the letters prepared for dispatch, about two or three in the morning he goes to reft. On marching days, where there is no immediate exigency, the army feldom moves before eight o'clock, after Tippoo has taken his breakfast: he goes in his palankeen, on the march; and if any thing particular occurs, he immediately mounts his horfe. The order of march is varied according to circumstances; during his late war against the Mahrattas, as they were greatly fuperior to him in cavalry, his infantry marched in four colums, gage in the centre: he encamps in a fquare; his infantry and guns occupying the four faces-the cavalry, within the fquare; each face has an open street in its centre, with a buzzar. A koushoun forms the picquet of the front face, and is advanced from twelve to fifteen hundred paces; a riffalla is advanced from it, about five hundred paces; and on the march all these picquets form the advance and rear guards, and flank ing guards to the columns. The infantry are difencumbered of their baggage on the march, bullocks being allowed by the circar for carrying it. The army marches, in common, about four cofs Sultany*; in expedition, the whole army marches about fix or seven cofs Sultany; but a body of horse only, in order to make a push, have gone, in little more than a day and a night, a very confiderable diftance. During the late war in the Carnatic, Hyder marched with a body of horse, from Oombly, near Tritchinopoly, to Chillimbrum, in 27 hours; he moved off at three o'clock in the morning, and at seven the next morning, he reached Chillimbrum-a diftance of about feven gow, or twenty eight cofs, equal to feventy miles; the third day his infantry and guns came up. At the commencement of Tippoo's late war against the Mahrattas, he lay with his army at Perour, in the Riadurg country: marching at three o'clock in the morning, he arrived, at seven o'clock the next morning, at Kirchungood, near to Adoni, and attacked a body of 4000 Mahratta plunderers. He keeps in his pay 300 hircarrahs, at three pagodas a month each: fuch as prove themselves most active and clever, are employed for intelligence. Befides thefe, he stations news-writers in fuch principal places as he thinks neceffary; and these are inftructed to write in the ftyle of foucars, and the intelligence required is made applicable to the coins, &c treated of; so that if a letter is intercepted, no discovery is made: fhould there be any thing that cannot be fo introduced, it is given verbally to the bearer of the letter. Tippoo feldom rewards with prefents; and when he does, they are very trifling, perhaps not more than five rupees. Thefe Anecdotes place the character of Tippoo Sultaun in its true light. His abilities have undoubtedly been over-rated. He was neither fo wife a statesman, nor fo able a general, as he has been reprefented. Though he poffeffed a confiderable fhare of prudence, and was not wanting either in promptitude or judg. ment, yet was he greatly deficient in that *The Sultany cofs has been established by Tippoo; and the principal roads through his dominions have three trees, of particular kind, planted on one fide, to mark the sofs. The Carnatic cois is about 2 miles; the Cunteary, or old Myfore cofs, is about three iles; the Sultany cofs is about four miles. that comprehenfion and vigour of mind, which are effential ingredients in the compofition of all true great nefs. Selfish, cunning and rapacious, in government as well as in war, he acted upon narrow principles. His Revenue Regulations, which are certainly framed with great ability, and which feem well calculated to enrich both the Prince and People, were fruftrated in their operation by his shifting and shallow policy. As a Warrior, he was brave, cautious, and intrepid: but his courage was tinctured with ferocity; and his firmness proceeded from obftinacy, rather than from a juft confidence in his own powers; and he never difplayed any depth of forefight, or fpirit of enterprize. As a Politician, he fhewed little difcernment, and lefs fagacity: though his understanding was full of artifice, he feldom employed it fuccefsfully; and the fchemes which he laid to over-reach his enemies, generally proved abor. tive. Cruel in his difpofition, and impetuous in his temper, he was often guilty of enormous acts of tyranny; though, for the most part, his prudence taught him to rule over his own fubjects with a degree of juftice, that rendered them lefs oppreffed than those of any other Mahommedan Prince in India. Tippoo was ambitious to furpafs his father in every thing; and he had the vanity to imagine that he was infinitely fuperior to that extraordinary man. But in truth he furpaffed him in nothing but the low arts of private treachery and public intrigue. Hyder was not only endowed with great genius, but with many exalted virtues: he was a confummate statef man, an enterprifing warrior, a generous conqueror, a faithful ally, a ftrict obferver of the laws of war, a benevolent fovereign, a Mahommedan free from fuperftition, a steady friend, and an indulgent parent. Tippoo's talents were not much above mediocrity; the qualities of his heart were greatly below it: in ftate af fairs, he was narrow-minded and prejudiced in the conduct of his army, he never fhewed any masterly generalfhip; the few victories which he gained, were fullied with the most atrocious cruelties: in his alliances, he was faithful, out of hatred to his enemies, not from any principle of honour or integrity: in war, he dif regarded almost all the rules that are obferved by civilized nations: in the administration of his government, he was lenient only because it fuited his own intereft; in his religion he was a fierce and gloomy bigot; he was unfufceptible of friendship, and deftitute of parental tenderne fs.-Hyder, without the benefits of education, rofe himself, by the dint of his own abilities, from a private ftation, to the throne of a powerful kingdom. Tippoo, though inftructed from his earliest youth in the art of politics, and left by his father at the head of the best disciplined army that any Indian Prince had ever commanded, loft that kingdom to his pofterity; and facrificed his army, by the groffeft mifmanagement. Hyder had the addrefs to render the affiftance of the French fubfervient to his own purpofes. Tippoo allowed himself to be duped by their intrigues, and to be made the mere inftrument of their ambitious projects. Nor did Tippoo differ lefs from his father in private, than in public life. The father poffeffed the utmost frankness of manners, enlivened with humour and cheerfulness: the fon was proud, + See the Myforean Revenue Regulations, tranflated by Burrish Crifp, Efq. from the Perfian original under the feal of Tippoo Sultaun, in the poffeffion of Col. John Murray. -See alfo, a Differtation on the Revenues of Myfore, at once luminous and concife, in an 'hiftorical and political view of the Deccan, by James Grant, Efq. printed for J. Debrett, 1797. proud, diftant, fullen, and auftere. The father defpifed the pageantry of Eastern Courts: the fon maintain ed the pomp and haughtiness of the moft voluptuous defpotifm., The father was liberal and fincere: the fon was parfimonious and treacher ous. In fine, Hyder poffeffed all thofe qualities which feem requifite for the fplendid actions he performed, and who, if he had been an Euro pean instead of an Afiatic Princer would have been confidered as one of the first politicians, as well as one of the greatest heroes, of any age or nation; whereas Tippoo can only be ranked among the defpots of India, as a crafty but impolitic Prince, whofe paffions domineered over his judgment, who was ever ready to gratify his revenge at the expence of his intereft, and who fell a facrifice to his own hypocrify.--E. AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE OF THE LATE GOVERNOR HOLWELL. From the Same. JOHN ZEPHANIAH HOLWELL was the fon of Zephaniah Holwell, timber merchant and citizen of Lon don; and grandson of John Holwell, well known in the learned world, by his publications on various branches of the mathematics and aftronomy, between the years 1678, and 1685. The father and grandfather of John Holwell both fell in fupport of the royal caufe, being engaged in Penruddock's loyal but fhallow fcheme of proclaiming Charles the Second in the year 1655, in the Weft. Thus the ample patrimony of Holwell Hall, in the county of Devon, which had been poffeffed by their ancestors, from time immemorial, was loft to their defcendants for ever. On the refloration, in the year 1660, the mathematician, John, prefented a memorial to the king, pray. ing relief for himself and family, and reititution of his patrimony. He had a very ftrong claim on the royal favour and juftice; but all the fatisfaction be obtained, after a long courfe of folicitation, was an appointment to the post of royal aftronomer and furveyor of the crown lands, and the advancement of his wife to a place of fome honour, but of little emolument, about the perfon of the queen. Some years after, he was appointed mathematical preceptor to the Duke of Monmouth; which preferment, in the end, brought on the ruin of himself and family; as his enthusiaftic affection for that amiable youth feduced his judgment into the belief that he was the legitimate fon of the king. Had he confined his publications to the fciences, it would have been a fortunate circumftance for him ; but, being a firm adherent to the church of England, and a ftaunch enemy to popery, he employed his pen, while the Bill of exclufion was depending, in favour of that measure. Though his writings were anonymous, the author could not conceal himself, and he was, accordingly, marked as an enemy to the fucceffion of the Duke of York. In 1683, he published a small tract in Latin, intituled Catastrophe Mundi and a translation of it in the fame year. This production gave fuch offence to the Duke of York, and the partizans of popery, that the printer was taken into cuftody, and the author difcovered. This work was a fevere fatire on the tenets and political principles of popery, as fubverfive of the rights of mankind and vaticinated its speedy downfall.-He was accordingly examined before the privy council, but defended himself with fo much fkill and eloquence, that that no criminal charge could be fixed upon him. However, in 1684, , James the Second fucceeded to the throne, and, as may well be fuppofed, neither the book or its author were forgotten. In the clofe of the year 1685, the miniftry of King James not being a ble to make any legal attack on Mr Holwell, and, at the fame time, dreading the force of his pen, againft the measures then meditated for the re-establishment of the catholic religion, and the power of the Pope in thefe realms, availed themselves of the poft he held under the crown, and ordered him to embark for America, to furvey and lay down a chart of the town of New-York at the fame time, they fent fecret or ders to their agents there, to take fome effectual means for preventing his return. Accordingly, he had no fooner completed the business of his miffion in America, than he finished the career of life. He died very fuddenly; and his death was attributed, at the time and on the spot, to the application of poifon adminiftered to him in a dish of coffee. He left a widow, one fon and a daughter, and his property, which was entirely perfonal, was equally divided between them. His fon was the father of John Zephaniah Holwell, the fubject of this memoir, who was born in Dublin the 17th of September 1711, and was baptized at Saint Warbro's church, by the celebrated Mr Sing, then rector of that parish. At the age of eight years he was placed at Mr M'Kenzie's grammar fchool on Richmond Green, Surrey, where he greatly diftinguished himfelf; and at twelve, obtained the prize which was annually given there for claffical learning. Curiofity may be gratified by the information, that the Rev. Mr Seed, whofe fermons are fo well known, and fo much admired, was, at this time, an affifant at that school. Ed. Mag. April 1800. But this career was foon clofed, by the determination of his father to place him with a mercantile friend in Holland. He was accordingly removed to an academy at Ifelmond on the Meufe, oppofite Rotterdam, to qualify him for the occupations of the accompting house. Here he learned the French and Dutch land guages, and was inftructed in bookkeeping; and, from the readiness of his capacity, was, in a fhort time, declared to be duly qualified to begin his mercantile progrefs. His father, accordingly, went to Rotterdam, and fettled him as clerk in the accompting house of his friend Mynheer Lantwoord, a banker, and husband of fhips employed in the Greenland trade, on a ftipulation, that he was to be admitted as a partner, at the expiration of five years The unceafing toil, however, of his new fituation foon affected his health in fuch a manner, that he was neceffarily fent to Leyden to confult the celebrated Boerhaave, with whom he remained fix weeks; and by whofe care he was qualified, in point of ftrength and vigour, to return to the mercantile labours of Rotterdam. But an inclination to renew them had altogether forfaken him, while a refolution never more to engage in them foon fucceeded: and being tempted by a young friend who was on his return to Ireland, to accompany him thither, he accepted the invitation, and quitted Holland for that country. From thence he was foon fummoned to England by his father, who, finding his difpofitions averfe to trade, bound him appren tice to Mr Forbes, a furgeon in the Park, Southwark. In 1729, he had the misfortune to lose his father, who left behind him but a flender provifion for his widow and fon; but the latter, with a generofity and tender. nefs which accompanied him throughout life, gave up his portion to add to the comfortable maintenance of M m his |