Work Alienation: An Integrative Approach

achievement alienation and involvement anomie Applied Psychology autonomy behavior Blauner causes cognitive belief concept of alienation considered construct validity constructs contexts cultural demographic developed dimensions discriminant validities empirical employees ethic extrinsic group extrinsic managers Hegel important individual intrinsic and extrinsic intrinsic motivation intrinsic needs intrinsic orientation intrinsic-need involvement and alienation JIQ scale JISD job involvement job outcomes job satisfaction Kanungo labor Lawler and Hall Lodahl and Kejner Marx measures of job ment mental health Mental Health Index motivational approach normative belief normlessness one's organization organizational perceived phenomena potential present job Protestant work ethic psychological identification questionnaire Rabinowitz and Hall relationship of job respondents role Saal Saleh and Hosek salient needs satisfy scale items scores Seeman self-esteem Semantic Differential social social alienation sociologists studies suggested term alienation tion tivation trinsic type of alienation validity variables variance volvement WISD