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Against unlawful conventicles. On punishing the authors and originators of schism. On the opposers and violators of the public authority." Among prohibited games are mentioned, "Every kind of game in which money is concerned, such as dibs, dice, cards, cricketing in the private grounds or gardens of townspeople;" and then " every kind of game or exercise from which danger, injury, or inconvenience might arise to other people, such as the hunting of beasts with any sort of dogs, ferrets, nets or toils; also any use or carrying of muskets, crossbows or falcons :" neither ropedancers, nor actors, nor shows of gladiators, are to be permitted without especial permission: moreover, "the scholars are not to play at football, nor with cudgels, either among themselves or with the townsfolk, a practice," it goes on to say, "from which the most perilous contentions have often arisen.' The penalties are corporal punishment, ("if by reason of age it be becoming,") fines in money, loss of a greater or lesser period of time of study necessary for the degree, and finally expulsion, either partial [i. e. rustication] or entire. To this was added in the Colleges, impositions and the stocks, and also a stoppage of the daily rations (commons). The minimum of age was fourteen. None of this was new, but it was previously contained in the Cambridge Statutes.

Note (48) referred to in Page 62.

Test Books for the University Lectures.

It would be quite unnecessary for me to enter into all the details respecting the number of Lectures, the behaviour of the Scholars during their delivery, the punishments for not attending them, &c. I can only find room for an enumeration of the Authors prescribed for each of the Faculties, as a sort of standard of the scientific demands of the time.- (T. IV. sect. i. stat.) – Prælector Grammaticus legat lingua latina vel technice e Prisciano, Linacro aut alio probato autore, vel critice seu philologice, selectos, aliquos titulos, de antiquitatibus græcis vel romanis explicet.-P. Rhetorica

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exponat Rhet. Aristotelis, Ciceronis, Quinctiliani aut Hermogenis ; quos inter se sic conferat ut ex iis artis præcepta in unum corpus redigat.-P. Dialect. exponat aut Porphyrii Isagogen aut quamcumque Log. Aristot. partem. - P. Moral. Philos. Aristot. Ethica ad Nicomachum, Politica nec non Economica legat, textum exponendo et quæstiones prout e textu Arist. emergant discutiendo.P. Geometria (no author mentioned.) - P. Astronomia et P. Musica, (the same thing.) - P. Natur. Philos. Aristotelis Physica aut Libros de Cœlo et Mundo, aut de Meteoris, aut ejus parva Naturalia aut Libros de anima, nec non de Generatione et Corruptione exponat.-P. Metaphysicæ Arist. Metaphys. legat, textum exponendo et quæstiones Metaphys. quæ apud antiquos et modernos exagitantur succincte ventilando.-P. Historia Lucium Florum aut alios quosvis antiquioris et melioris notæ historicos perlegat.— Prof. Linguæ Græcæ Homerum, Isocratem, Euripidem aut alium quemvis ex classicis autoribus explicabit. Prof. L. Hebraicæ e Sacræ Scripturæ fontibus quæcunque ad illius linguæ proprietatem pertinent explicabit."-The number of Lectures for each Profesorship is fixed at two a week.-In comparing this with the Statutes of Edward no difference is found. The Cambridge Statutes of Elizabeth, however, give a much more prominent place to Mathematical Studies,* (s. 56,) and this fact also brings us back to the difference so often mentioned.

NOTE (49) REFERRED TO IN PAGE 63.

Statutory Regulations as to the Lectures, &c.

The Oxford Statutes of 1636, mostly differ from those of Cambridge of 1571 herein, that only two hours a week were set apart for the lectures, instead of four, and that no mention whatever is made of Canon-Law. The sum of these regulations amounts to the following:-"Let the Civilian Professor expound any part that he pleases of the body of Civil Law, and especially those chapters which are of service for use and practice in this realm.[Does s. 56 mean statute 56, or does it refer to page 56?]

Let the Medical Professor lecture on Hippocrates and Galen.— Let the Divinity Professor expound some part or other of Holy Writ."-The Professorship of Anatomy was joined to that of Medicine, but this was no addition, as the Medical Professor was already bound to hold at least one course of Anatomy yearly, and to demonstrate upon a skeleton. A real step onwards in these branches, was in the Botanical Lectures, which, however, as well as the Botanical Garden itself, were quite in their infancy. As to the Examination, there is certainly a vacant paragraph in the Statutes after the directions for the Examinations in Arts, (headed De examinandis graduum candidatis in aliis Facultatibus) but when the further regulations were completed, and introduced with respect to Arts, no mention was made of the other Faculties; and the paragraph remained evidently an empty one.

Note (50) referred to in Page 74.

Lord Bacon, the Father of Modern would-be University Reformers.

Lord Bacon is in fact the father of all modern opponents and theoretical reformers of all that the English Universities are and ever were in history. It is remarkable, that four centuries before, Roger Bacon acted very nearly the same part as his namesake; yet he had some nearer historical ground to rest on, considering the [more positive] character of the earliest studies in Arts. Among the many things said by the second Bacon to this effect, the following later expressions will serve as an example : "In the moral sentiment and established principles of academicians, of schools, and of colleges, every thing is adverse to the progress of the sciences," (Nov. Org. 90) a proof that the hints given almost twenty years earlier (De dign. et augment. scient. I. II.) for the reform of the academic studies, had remained ineffectual, although in the mean time, by the possession of the higher dignities in the State, he had arrived at a position to effect a practical application of his views, and although reforms in the academic studies had been continually carried on, but in another direction. Had his

principles found any favor in the the eyes of the academic ruling powers, opportunities were not wanting to recommend or prescribe such works as the "Organon" either by statute or in some other official manner. However this was not done at the time, nor in the Oxford Statute of 1636; at all events, not in reference to the University studies, properly so called; and this was the real point. For, as far as regarded the preparatory studies of the Colleges, the Old Fathers and the Scriptures were sufficient and it was only when these had been thoroughly studied and the further and higher scientific developement was concerned, that the choice lay between Bacon and the Thirty-nine Articles.

NOTE (51) REFERRED TO IN PAGE 76.

Petition from Oxford for Radical Reform of the University, in 1659; Sketch of a Model-College.

One document is interesting, from its analogy to very modern efforts and wishes. It was entitled "A petition from some wellaffected persons in the University of Oxford, to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England.* I shall extract a few particulars from this sketch of Reform. "Every thing in the laws, instruction, customs and persons of the Universities, which could be looked upon as monarchal, superstitious and despotic, is to be done away with. Opinions are to be free. Republicans alone are to be Principals of Colleges: better were it to abolish these than leave them in other hands. Neither the Chancellor nor any ecclesiastic whatever, nor any person in authority is to exercise power, except under the strict control of the Government. All ceremonies, “tending to enervate and beget pride" are to be abolished. The public exercises are to take place in the presence of patriotic Senators, that these, when they may be seeking men for offices in the Republic, &c. may be acquainted with the merits of Scholars. Then follows "A slight model of a College to be erected, &c.”* [Harleian Miscellanies, vol. vii. Sundry things by several hands, concerning the University of Oxford. London, 1659.]

Funds for this "pattern college" were to be procured from the Canonries of Christ Church, &c. The Fellows were to have no other income, than what they earned from pupils, with occasional bounties for good conduct. Instruction was to be given only from prescribed text-books. Vacancies were to be filled up from Westminster School, which was to receive a corresponding organization. All students were to be acquainted with the "grounds of the Commonwealth." Their studies once ended, they were to be employed in Government offices. There were to be Professorships for Theology, Civil Law, Politics, (to inspire a love for the Republic,) the Philosophy and Mathematics of Descartes, the Philosophy and Geography of Gassendi, Magnetism, Optics, Mechanics, Medicine, Anatomy, useful Logic, civic Eloquence (both in English and in Latin.) Good society was to be encouraged. A third of the Fellows was to go by turns to London, and become acquainted with the world, that they might be qualified afterwards, for embassies, &c. The others were to be employed as public teachers. Commentary upon these propositions is unnecessary.

Note (52) referred to in Page 81.

Expulsion of Locke.

The most detailed account that I have been able to meet with of this often discussed affair, which in Germany (as far as I can make out) has been so completely misunderstood, I have found in an official correspondence between the Minister Sunderland and Doctor Fell, who, as Dean of Oxford, was also head of Christ Church; in which College Locke was also a student. The correspondence is given in the Oxoniana (ii. p. 205, et. sqq.) Whether the King had any reason for his suspicions, cannot be investigated here: but it is absurd to deny or forget that such a thing is possible. When great philosophers mix in political intrigues, they share like other mortals in the disadvantages as well as the advantages of the trade: still more if they are entangled in it in their character of Philosophers. It may be doubtful