Ε. g. ἐν Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι...καθήμενοι, according to Cod. A. B. C. al., Luke. x. 13; rò naréxov, 2 Thes. ii. 6.

NOTE 1. Those cases in which the predicate of a sentence is in the neuter gender, cannot be considered as strictly belonging to the above class; e. g. inavòv .......

TiTquía arn, this chastisement is sufficient, i. e. that which suffices. Το ὁ πόλεμος φοβερόν· ἡ φύσις...τυφλόν σopov n goμndera, et al. simil. in the classics. Such predicates are rather to be understood as designating an abstract noun, or a quality merely which is predicted of the subject. The like is true where a neuter participle is employed in the same way.

APPOSITION.

§ 58. VARIOUS WAYS IN WHICH THIS IS MADE.

(1.) Not only single words, appellatives, etc., are put in apposition with a leading noun, but whole phrases or sentences.

E. g. I beseech you...to present your bodies, a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, rv oyun» Largeíav, your reasonable service, i. e. which is your reasonable service, Rom. xii. 1. So in 1 Tim. ii. 6, τὸ μαρτύριον, etc. 2 Tim. i. 5, ὑπόμνησιν λαμβάνων, i. e. ἐγὼ λαμβάνων etc., in connection with v. 3.

NOTE 1. The Acc. case is generally chosen for apposition, where the object of a verb is the leading,

noun; but sometimes the Nom. is employed; e. g. καθαρίζον in Mark vii. 19. So τὸ λεγόμενον, τὸ μέγιστον, Tò nanòv, etc., are often inserted, in classic authors, in the midst of a sentence, when apposition to the rest of the sentence is intended; Matth. § 432, 5, p. 805.

(2.) The word in apposition may differ as to gender or number from the leading word to which it relates.

E. g. And he shall give αὐτῷ ζωήν, τοῖς ἁμαρτά vovoi μǹ πgòs tòv Dávarov, to him life, to those who sin (plural) not unto death, 1 John v. 16; where avrữ is generic, like inάory. So, as in the cases produced in Note 1 above, the gender may differ from that of the leading noun.

(3.) The position of the word or words in apposition is naturally next to the leading noun, etc.; but oftentimes there is an intervening phrase inserted.

Ε. g. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία, ἣν αὐτὸς ἐπηγγείλατο ἡμῖν, τὴν ζωὴν τὴν αἰώνιον, where ἣν... ἡμῖν not only intervenes, but the relative v by attraction puts (wǹv in the Accusative, 1 John ii. 25. So, frequently, in the classics. See also James i. 7, ὁ ἄνθρωπος...ἀνὴς δίψυχος, x.λ., Phil. iii. 18.

NOTE 1. In Matt. x. 25, xai i douλos (where we should expect r douλ) must be constructed thus : καὶ [ἀρκετὸν ἵνα γένηται] ὁ δοῦλος κ. τ. λ., taking the supplement from the preceding phrase.

REMARK. Abstracts are often put in apposition with concretes; e. g. 1 John iv. 10. 2 Cor. viii. 23. James v. 10. Where apposition might be employed, an independent phrase is often used; e. g. in James iii. 8. Rev. i. 5, ἀπὸ Ι. Χριστοῦ, ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστὸς κ. τ. λ., i. e. ὅς ἐστι ὁ μάρτυς, etc.

PARTICLES.

§ 59. NATURE And kinds of the particles.

(1.) All those small and indeclinable words, which serve the purposes of expressing or aiding connection, definiteness, perspicuity, intensity, brevity, etc., are usually named, in a generic way, PARTICLES.

(2.) These may be divided into prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs. INTERJECTIONS, which are mere exclamations of joy, woe, wonder, etc., can hardly be ranged under the PARTICLES, in the sense given to this word as above defined. They do not properly belong to Syntax.

NOTE 1. An interjection is the expression of an emotion, and not of an idea or notion of the mind; it is the representative of suffering, joy, etc., rather than an expression of a notion respecting joy, sorrow, etc. Hence, it makes a sense (so to speak) complete in itself; and it may be understood without the

sequel of any other words. Such words may indeed

be added; but they are not sense of the interjection. the particles, i. e. with

necessary to complete the Different is the case with prepositions, conjunctions,

and adverbs; for all of these express either relation, connection, or quality, and therefore require some supplement in order to indicate the thing to which they are related, with which they are connected, or which they qualify.

(3.) The most generic idea of the particles seems to be this, viz., that they are in some sense predicates of things, i. e. affirmations of some relation, connection, quality, or quantity, in respect to them; and therefore they are words expressive of condition in some sense or other.

NOTE. 1. Condition, in its most generic sense, may be viewed as having respect to quality, or relation, or connection. Particles which mark the condition of QUALITY, are called ADVERBS, i. e. additions to words; those which designate the condition of relation, (a relation supposed to exist as to things themselves, and not merely in the notions of the mind), are called PREPOSITIONS, i. e. words placed before others, (for what purpose, the name itself does not designate); and lastly, the connection of things as associated by the mind, (not of things as they are simply in and of themselves), is expressed by cONJUNCTIONS, i. e. words joining together.

REMARK. Dispute exists, even at the present

time, among grammarians of the highest order, as to the limits of the respective classes of particles. The names adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions, will not serve accurately to define these limits. An adverb may be, and often is, a word set before another (i. e. a preposition in the literal sense), in order to qualify it. A conjunction also points out some kind of relation; which also seems to be the appropriate office of a preposition. Hence the difficulty of making a definite and satisfactory classification, in all its minutiae; a difficulty which our lexicons have hitherto scarcely attempted to remedy.

ADVERBS.

§ 60. NATURE ANd various uses.

(1.) Those indeclinable particles which serve to designate some qualification of things themselves, or the manner in which the mind conceives of these qualifications and expresses itself concerning them, may be called adverbs.

(2.) The first class of adverbs, viz, that which respects things themselves, may be subdivided into two classes; (a) Those which have respect to time and place; (b) Those which regard some quality or condition of the thing itself.

NOTE 1. To every thing of which we have any