serted circumstance, is resumed not with a regularly continued construction, but with one differing from that with which it was begun.

NOTE 1. In writings full of thought and argument, where the author is more intent on his matter than on his manner, anacoluthon most frequently occurs. Paul exhibits it most frequently of all the New Testament writers, in his epistles, although it occurs elsewhere.

E.

g. Mark ix. 20, καὶ ἰδὼν [ὁ παῖς] αὐτὸν, εὐθέως τὸ πνεῦμα ἐσπάραξεν, where the regularly continued construction would be: εὐθέως ὑπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος ἐσπαράσ σετο (passive.) Acts xxiii. 30, μηνυθείσης δέ μοι ἐπιβουλῆς [τῆς] εἰς τὸν ἄνδρα μέλλειν ἔσεσθαι, which would regularly be, μελλούσης ἔσεσθαι.

Sometimes the construction begun and intermitted, is entirely dropped, and another one commenced de novo ; as John vi. 22-24, ὁ ὄχλος...ιδων...(ν. 24), ÖTε oυv εidov, after a long parenthesis of two verses. Gal. ii. 6, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι...ἐμοὶ γὰρ οἱ δοκοῦντες οὐδὲν προσανέθετο, where the first construction required the sentence to be completed with a passive verb, but the construction is changed and an active verb is therefore employed. Rom. ii. 17-21, where the sentence is begun with εἰ δὲ σὺ, κ. τ. λ., and then resumed in ver. 21, by ò ouy didάoxwv without the ɛi. Anacolutha may be found in Rom. v. 12, seq.; ix. 23, 24. 2 Pet. ii. 4, seq. 1 John i. 1, seq. Acts x. 36, al

(2.) Anacolutha are frequent, when the con

struction is continued by means of a participle, which often appears in a case different from that which would naturally be expected.

Ε. g. παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς...ἀνεχόμενοι...σπουδάζοντες, Eph. iv. 1, 2, both participles in the Nom. plural, instead of being (as we should naturally expect) in the Acc. as agreeing with ὑμᾶς. Col. iii. 16, ἐνοικείτω ἐν ὑμῖν... ἀδάσκοντες καὶ νουθετοῦντες, Participles in the Nom. instead of the Dat. plural. So 2 Cor. ix. 10, 11. Acts xv. 22. Col. ii. 2. And so, not unfrequently, in the classics. By recommencing (as it were) a sentence with the Nom. of the Part., the meaning of it is made more emphatic and conspicuous.

(3.) Another species of anacoluthon is when, after the sentence is begun with a participle, the construction passes over into a finite verb, where we should naturally expect the participial construction to be continued.

E. g. Col. i. 26, τὸ μυστήριον τὸ ἀποκεκρυμμένον...νυνὶ δὲ ἐφανερώθη, instead of νυνὶ δὲ φανερωθέν. Eph. i. 20, ἐγείρας αὐτὸν καὶ ἐκάθισεν. 2 John, ver. 2 Heb. viii. 10.

(4.) Sometimes the Nom. or Acc. at the head of a sentence, has a verb after it which is not congruous with it.

Ε. 8. ταῦτα ἅ θεωρεῖτε, ἐλεύσονται ἡμέραι, ἐν οἷς οὐκ ἀφεθήσεται λίθος ἐπὶ λίθῳ. Here I should construe thus: In regard to these things which ye see, etc.' See also 2 Cor. xii. 17. Rom. viii. 3.

(5.) It is a kind of anacoluthon, when μèv is employed without a corresponding dé.

In most cases where this is done, there is an ellipsis or aposiopesis as to the apodosis in which de would stand. The lexicons (under μèv dè) will give a considerable number of examples, and the requisite explanations. There can hardly be a doubt that μ ev always requires a dè either expressed or implied; but a considerable number of cases exist, where no de is expressed. Like to this is the case of yàg, which always implies a relation to some preceding thought, and a sequency after such thought; but oftentimes the particular thought to which yàg is consequent, is not expressed but only implied. It should be noted, however, in regard to μèv, that de only is not always required in the apodosis; for (in the Greek classics) ἔπειτα, καὶ, τὲ ἀλλὰ, αὐτὰς, μέντοι, μὴν, εἶτα, (see Passow on d), sometimes take the apodotic place of de and often the apodosis is altogether omitted, in which case the sentence is a real anacoluthon. Winer, § 64, II. 2. e.

VARIED CONSTRUCTION (Oratio Variata.) § 74. NATURE, EXTENT, AND OBJECT.

(1.) By Oratio Variata is meant a departure from a construction already exhibited by one member of a sentence, in another and corresponding member that might take the same construction as the first.

(2.) This happens often, even among the best writers; and, in general, the object of it is, to attain more perspicuity or emphasis by the new construction, than would be effected by retaining the one already exhibited.

E. g. Rom. xii. 1, 2, παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς...παραστῆσαι καὶ μὴ συσχηματίζεσθε ...μεταμορφοῦσθε, where the two latter verbs stand in the Imper. instead of being put in the Inf. with Tagaornoa, as they might have been, and as they regularly would be. But the varied construction, by adopting the Imper., throws more emphasis into the sentence. So Mark xii. 38, Tv Deλόντων ἐν στολαῖς περιπατεῖν, καὶ ἀσπασμοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς, where the same construction would have required ἀσπάζεσθαι instead of ἀσπασμούς. Phil. ii. 22, ὅτι, ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, where sameness of construction would have demanded only, instead of où iμor So Eph. v. 27. John v. 44. Eph. v. 33. 1 Cor. xiv. 5. 9. Phil. i. 23, seq. Rom. xii. 14, seq. structions are frequent in the classics. 450.

oi

Col. i. 6.

2 Cor. vi.

Such con-
Winer, p.

NOTE 1. In Rev. xiv. 14; vii. 9, εidov xai idoù take both Nom. and Acc. after them, i. e. the Nom. in respect to idoù, and the Acc. in respect to ɛidov.

(2.) A species of varied construction is frequent in the New Testament, which consists in a change from the direct to the oblique method of

style (oratio directa et obliqua), in the same sen

tence.

6

E. g. Luke v. 14, He commanded him undevi εἰπεῖν (Inf.), ἀλλὰ ἀπελθὼν δεῖξον, κ. τ. λ., where it is changed to a direct style, and the Imper. of direct address is used. Acts xxiii. 22, He dismissed the young man, commanding him to tell no one őri raŨTA ἐνεφάνισας πρός με, where the last clause according to the indirect style of the first part of the sentence, would be gòs aùróv. See Mark xi. 32.

(3.) Another species of oratio variata, is the transition from the singular to the plural, and

vice versa.

E. g. Rom. xii. 16, 20. 1 Cor. iv. 6, seq. Gal. iv. 7; vi. 1. Luke v. 4, seq.

REMARK. All these kinds of varied construction are found in the Greek classics. In this respect the New Testament has nothing very peculiar; except that the Apocalypse abounds, most of all, in style of this kind.

POSITION OF WORDS AND SENTENCES.

§ 75. NATURE and design.

(1.) The Greek, by the aid of its various endings of cases, etc., may depart from the most easy and natural arrangement of words without