(5.) The neuter gender is not unfrequently used in reference to persons, where the expression is designed to be of a general nature.

E. g. Tãv ö, John xvii. 2, in reference to the elect; 50 αὐτοὶ ... ἓν ὦσιν, John xvii. 21; τὸ κατέχον, 2 Thess. rò ii. 6, for the masc. see ver. 7; comp. also 1 Cor. i. 27, 28. Heb. vii. 7. 1 John v. 4, et al.

NOTE 1.

Constructio ad sensum often takes place, in which case the gender or number of the word employed is overlooked, and the verb, adjective, etc.; accords with the real gender or number of the thing or person intended to be expressed.

(6.) "Exaoros, like the Heb. ', one, each one, sometimes takes the plural verb, etc.

E. g. Acts xi. 29, ὥρισαν ἕκαστος· Rev. v. 8, ἔχοντες ἕκαστος and so in classic Greek, as also ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος, Matt. § 302, a. Any pronoun, or other word, which is a collective in respect to sense, admits of the like construction.

§ 8. APPOSITION.

(1.) A noun in apposition must be in the same case as its co-relative noun; and for the most part it takes the article, but not always, (§ 1. 6.) The gender and number of the noun in apposition may vary according to its nature.

Ε. g. Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής Σίμων βυρσεύς Σκύθαι, βά βαρον τὸ ἔθνος.

§ 9. NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE.

(1.) The Nom. case usually constitutes the subject of a sentence, i. e. of some verb expressed or implied. But,

(2.) The Nom. in some cases is used absolutely, i. e. independently of the construction which follows it, both in the New Testament and in classic writers.

E. g. ὁ Μωϋσῆς οὗτος... οὐκ οἴδαμεν τί κ. τ. λ., Acts vii. 40 ; ὁ νικῶν, ποιήσω αὐτὸν κ. τ. λ., Rev. iii. 12. Also Luke xiii. 4. 1 John ii. 27. Matt. x. 32; xii. 36. Mark ix. 20, et al. See Matt. § 311.

(3.) The Nom. is often used instead of the Vocative, both in the New Testament and elsewhere.

E. g. Tais, sysίgou, Luke viii. 54. Mark ix. 25. ἡ ἐγείρου, Matt. xxvii. 29. Mark x. 47, et saepe al. Matt. § 312.

(4.) The Voc. is used either with or without the .

E. g. Matt. xv. 28, yuvar Acts xxi. 20, ¿ôeλ.çè, and saepe al. So in the classics; Matt. § 312, 4.

(5.) The Nom. stands in Greek after, as well

as before, such verbs as merely constitute the copula in a sentence, and even when this Nom. is not the subject of the sentence.

NOTE 1. The student is already acquainted with the well known constituents of a sentence, viz., the subject, predicate, and copula. Most verbs serve the double purpose of copula and predicate, i. e. they not only assert, but assert some particular quality, action, state, etc. But there is a considerable class of verbs, which usually serve merely as the copula of a sentence, and do not contain in themselves any completed declaration of attribute, action, state, etc. All these usually take the Nom. case after them. Such verbs are not only εἰμὶ, ὑπάρχω, γίνομαι, but also φύω, κυρέω, καλέομαι, φωνέω, ἐπικαλέομαι, προσαγορεύομαι, ὀνομάζομαι, λέγομαι, ἀκούω, αἱρέομαι, ἀποδείκνυμαι, χειροτονέομαι, κρίνομαι, δοκέω, φαίνομαι, ἔοικα, νομίζομαι, ὑπου λαμβάνομαι, κρίνομαι, δηλόομαι, μένω, and καθίστημι. It must not be supposed that all these verbs in all their voices, etc., take a Nom. after them; nor in all the meanings which they bear; but in those cases in which they serve as a copula only, they take the Nom. after them ; e. g. ἐγώ ειμι θεός· φωνεῖτέ με, ὁ διδάσκαλος, John xiii. 13; λέγεται, ὁ ἄψινθος, Rev. viii. 11; φίλος ... κόσμου ἐχθρὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ καθίσταται, James iv. 4, et sic. al. saepe. Rost § 100, Anm. 1. Matt. § 307.

NOTE. 2. When a name is given in connection with ὄνομα, it may be done in three ways ; e. g. τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῆς, Μαριάμ· οι ᾗ ὄνομα, Μαριάμ' or ὀνόματι Μαριάμ. In the last case, the proper name stands in apposition

with some preceding noun, and avouari is the Dat. of circumstance, as ἑκατοντάρχῃ ὀνόματι Ιουλίῳ, Acts xxvii. 1. Luke i. 5. "Avoga ivóμarı 'Avavíav, Acts ix. 12.

(6.) Several nouns connected as subjects of a sentence, may take a plural verb, etc. ; or the verb may be conformed to the nearest noun.

Ε. §. οὐκ ἔγνω Ιωσήφ καὶ ἡ μήτης αὐτοῦ, Luke ii. 43, an example of the latter kind; the former is so common that it needs no examples. The same usage is common in the Greek classics, Matt. § 304; and also in the Hebrew and Latin languages.

GENITIVE.

§ 10. NATURE AND USES OF THE GENITIVE.

(1.) The fundamental idea designated by this case seems to be that of an essential and immediate relation or connection of objects.

NOTE 1. This may be the relation or connection of a part with the whole; of a quality or attribute with a subject, i. e. of accidence with substance; of ownership or propriety with owner; of effect with cause; of action with agent; of feelings, opinions, etc., with sensitive and intellectual beings; of that which is comprised in any thing, with that which comprises it, etc.

(2.) This connection of objects may be view

as befor.. such verbs as meer onset

copus in a sentence, and even wher

not the subject of the sentence

NOTE 1. The student is already aspe the well known constituents of a sentens subject predicate and conub. M double purpose of copula and predicate....

aly assert, but assert some particular quic Late, etc. But there is a considerable case Ach usually serve mere as the comm

"ce, a contar ir themself

pleted

attribute acts