very easy to a very warm-tempered and highly-imaginative people. It may be all very fine and very true to say that Irishmen have no real grievances to complain of — that an honest equality is extended to them, and that they are denied none of the privileges nor securities which are inherited by Englishmen; but do you imagine this is the language that is addressed to Paddy by his teachers? Do you fancy the Priest saying, "The law is as fairly administered in Cork as in Yorkshire. Your children have a better education offered them here in Tipperary than any county in England can supply. If the Established Church were to be abolished to-morrow, not one sixpence of its revenues would find itself in your breeches-pocket. Three-fifths of the judges of the land are of your own persuasion; and so strong is the feeling that an arrear of place and office is due to Catholics, that inferior men are advanced over the heads of Protestants, as a sort of conscience-money paid by the State for bygone injustice"? Can you fancy, in addition to this, the Reverend Father telling him some unpalatable truths about the climate of Ireland ? WE have two plagues raging amongst us at this moment-Fenianism and the Rinderpestand with a very considerable resemblance between the two. Each was imported from abroad; each displayed the greatest tendency to be propagated by contact; each was distinguished by the rapidity with which symptoms succeeded, and the virulence of the complaint was developed; and, as though to make the parallel more how ill-suited it was to wheat crops, and complete, the progress of each, though seen how imperatively the landlord was driven and regarded, was treated by the Govern- to become a grazier instead of a husbandment with such indifference that no man? And last of all-can you picture measures of precaution were adopted-no to yourself any man who wishes to be securities against the spread of pestilence popular in Ireland preaching contentprovided, nor a single remedial act thought ment? of, till the malady had been sown broadcast through the kingdom. * * * Now, Fenianism is not a thing of yesterday. Irish disaffection is an old chronic complaint, and even from '98 to the present hour has had several acute attacks, "supervening," as the doctors say, "on the old affection." However local we may please to think Rockite insurrection-Terryalt or Whiteboyism - they are all of them neither nor more less than signs of that insubordinate spirit which is the Irish peasant's notion of Patriotism. Paddy knows that he is poor that he is badly housed, illclothed and worse fed, and it is not a very difficult task to persuade him that somebody else is in fault for it all. He is very quickwitted, but he is not very logical—perhaps few men are when they are hungry; at all events, he is well disposed to believe that he has not himself to blame for the hardships he lives under, and there is unquestionably something elevating to a man's pride in thinking that it is tyranny keeps him down, and that if he had only fair play he would be-Heaven knows what of great, glorious, and free. Delusions like these are For a long series of years Paddy has been taught only one lesson that he was wronged." It is not very clear who wronged him, or how; but as it was plain enough that he never prospered in Ireland, and that he got on very well when he quitted it, it was surely not difficult to make it appear that there was something grievous or unfair in that home-legislation which cramped his industry and fettered his faculties, else how could it be that the man who rose to comfort and independence in Ohio was only a ragged pauper while he toiled in Galway? Now, America was not simply a land of dollars, but it was a land in which, for the first time in his life, Pat was emancipated from the evil teachings of an inimical priesthood, who made the grievances of the poor man the plea for some concession to the Church. Pat heard plenty of abuse of England in America, it is true; but it was a very different indictment was drawn against her there from what he had listened to in Ireland. Nor was there one single item in the plea that could offer him an excuse to be idle, or suggest the idea to take a shot at his landlord. The Το suppose that you can reach the permanent discontent of Ireland by legislation is absurd. You might as well try to cure the small-pox by Act of Parliament. great evils of Ireland are social, and must be met by such means as affect and influence social relations. Much is to be done by the school-master, but far more by the neighbour. Pat is not very trustful, he is eminently suspicious and slow to believe; but there is a great fund of gratitude in his nature, and he is stanch to him who has befriended him. Try and win his confidence. You have tried a variety of things, and they have failed. Try this. Try, first, by giving him employment, to show him that you mean he should have wherewithal to live; and then, by generous treatment, lead him to believe that he is not the uncared-for outcast his priest would fain persuade him to think himself. Get it out of your head, if you can, that legislation is what he wants. He needs employment-he needs such pay as will support him; and if you really wish to gain his affection, dash his life with some of that rich colour which the advent of great people diffuses over a country. Let him see royalty, and the pageant of royalty. Pat is very Oriental in his tastes; he delights in splendour, and he reverences high station. It is only when he comes back from America over-elated with his dollars, and excited by his own successes, that he has room for any republicanism in his heart. There is, besides, a wonderful contagion | calamities close to his heart, and says, in idleness. The Irishman at home worked "There's not a man in Europe treated as little, and worked unwillingly. No exam- cruelly as I am." ple showed him that industry could lead to comfort, or that labour could redound to him in future ease and enjoyment. He was in that precise condition in which, out of very hopelessness, a man is a prey to any who would incite him to acts of lawlessness and outrage. In America all these conditions were reversed; and whatever consideration he expected to enjoy there, he soon came to feel would depend upon the position he was to occupy, and the social rank he should fill. If the ills of which Irishmen complain had been real bonâ fide tangible grievances, it is by no means impossible that, once they had thrown them behind them by expatriation, they would have learned to think of them with less acuteness and less bitterness. It was, in fact, because these were sentimental wrongs—the misty memories of old persecutions, mistaken notions of rights that appertained to imaginary ancestors, confiscations of lands that they could trace no claim to, and suchlike. These could no more be forgotten and forgiven than a man could take an oath against castle-building. Pat's dislike to England is all the greater, because he cannot define what it is he hates, and the agitators who have traded on this ignorance well know how to invest it with a character of political discontent. To what bribes of imaginary wealth and advancement O'Connell was obliged to descend, to interest the people for emancipation! How constantly he was driven to set the object before them as one of especial individual benefit! The region of lies that an Irish peasant lives in is scarcely to be imagined. Expecting the Irish people, the great mass of the nation, to gather from the debates in the House that they have few if any grievances to complain of--that they are treated on terms of equality with the rest of the kingdom that much of what they regard as hardships lies in the resentful spirit that makes men more ready to risk their lives in an outrage than earn a living by industry, to expect all this, would be like hoping to allay the pangs of famine by reading out the bill of fare of the Star and Garter. Pat is brought face to face with troubles, which his father and his grandfather told him were of English growth. The one or two men of any education he has access to, the newspaper he reads at times, tell him the same story, and he likes to think it true. There is the real evil; he hugs his A Queen sailing over the waters of Killarney with a royal following, a Prince of Wales riding boldly with "the Kildare," would do more to send a thrill through the national heart than if you chartered a Catholic college every day for a month, or voted an Episcopal palace to Paul Cullen. You may shake your heads over it, and for that matter over us; but please to remember we are not Englishmen, and if you had not come to us with your Saxon notions very good notions for you- it is not impossible that we might have found some road of our own to civilisation ere thissome plan that would have adapted itself to our tastes and nature, and fitted into the strange cranks and crannies of our temperaments. And now to come back and it is time to come back-to the analogy I started with. Though there be much alike in the Rinderpest and the Fenianpest, the same treatment will not apply to both. You'll not suppress contagion in the last by isola tion, nor will the pole-axe avail to arrest the spread of the disease. From The Saturday Review. THE LATE QUEEN OF THE FRENCH. Mind, I never ask you to palter with rebellion. I want no half measures with the THE death, full of years and honours, of men who mean to make a clean sweep of the grand-daughter of MARIA THERESA the island. I only insist that when you and the niece of MARIE ANTOINETTE is an have dealt with the disaffection-as you event which looks more like an extract from well know how to do-you will not rush a page of European history than a subject into those mock measures of conciliation it is your habit to indulge, and recompense to the Priest the severities you have been driven to inflict upon the Peasant. It is a confession that one is not very proud to make, but I believe it to be the fact, that Government must do scores of things in Ireland that in England are left, and safely left, to private enterprise. The fear of jobbery deters statesmen from this, and a very reasonable fear it may be, to a certain extent; but severe cases ask for sharp remedies. Arsenic is a deadly poison, but, judiciously employed, it will cure an ague. grey of the day. Cradled in the alarms of war, her childhood saturated with the horrors of the Reign of Terror, and passing through all the stormy vicissitudes of a throne of the legitimacy of which she felt no assurance, it may be that, though destined to die an uncrowned Queen and an exile, the latter days of MARIE AMELIE were her happiest. She has laid her " discrowned head peacefully on the bed of a tranquil and painless death, surrounded by a numerous and promising train of her children and her children's children, and amidst the sympathies of a nation which, with a generous love, has long adopted her into its family of If you wished to ascertain what parts of Royal personages. The secret of Queen the kingdom were salubrious and healthy, MARIE AMELIE'S life is that it had no and where life was passed with less expos- secret. She was a most real and truthful ure to local affections, you would not surely person. She represented, in their exsummon the College of Physicians to give tremest types, principles of which here in evidence before a committee; but you would England there is a large and growing dissend men to explore the country, and make a report on what they saw and heard. And so I say, No more special inquiries into the law of landlord and tenant, no more learned witnesses; but despatch competent men to visit such estates in Ireland as are managed with advantage to the proprietor and satisfaction to the tenant. It is only the reserve of delicacy forbids my stating the names of many such proprietors. See how the tenants are dealt with there, what are the tenures, what the rights secured to each of the contracting parties, how limited, how observed. Do not deem many small, and to all seeming trifling incidents, which contribute to a mutual good feeling, beneath your attention. Learn well what amount of personal intercourse is maintained between the owner and the occupier of land; and once for all ascertain if the Irish peasant would not be a happy, contented, and well-to-do man if he were assured of the same consideration and the same treatment the English labourer is certain of obtaining. I prejudge nothing, I affirm nothing; I only ask that you will look before you legislate, and think a little more about Paddy, and a little less of his Priest.. FOURTH SERIES. LIVING AGE. VOL. I. trust. Legitimacy in its most incisive shape, and the religion of Rome in its severest and least attractive aspect-these were the guiding principles of the late QUEEN'S mind and life. But then these were principles with her; she used them for no selfish or inferior ends. They were to her the same everlasting truths, whether on a throne or in banishment. They were to her the voice of GOD, and, whether successful or persecuted, they were the same. She shed a halo of sanctity around a severity of parpose to which she was, in her own person, ready to be the first and greatest sacrifice. If one might venture to attribute shape and consistency to the retrospect of her chequered life, she might have viewed, in the failing fortunes and apparent extinction of the great Royal House of BOURBON, something akin to the stern NEMESIS of Greek fable, or to the law of that elder dispensation which visits the sins of the fathers on the children. She bowed beneath the scourge because she traced it to some invisible hand. In the misfortunes of herself and her family she perhaps saw retribution for what she might deem the apostasy of her uncle JoSEPH, the double-dealing of her father, and 27. the treason of EGALITÉ. Certainly it has on her knees. Man must work, but woman been on the best of the Royal family of must pray. And when all her efforts failed France on the well-intentioned LOUIS to rouse the unmanned and unnerved KING, XVI., the sincere CHARLES X., and the the QUEEN relapsed into her pure womanpious MARIE AMELIE-that the burden of hood. The wife and mother henceforth reexpiation has fallen; and to a religious placed the Queen; and in the calm seclumind brought up in an atmosphere of omens sion of Claremont MARIE AMELIE might and superstitions such thoughts must have have mused, and we dare say did muse, on been familiar. the shattered past with something of the feelings, and more of the sincerity, which have been been attributed to another notable of Esher: dwell. Farewell A character like this tells on bystanders, and especially tells on English sympathies. Hartwell, and Claremont, and even Holyrood have done much to accustom us to the better side of French Royalty en conge. And the exiled BOURBONS, to do them We can quite understand that the most trying period of the QUEEN's life must have been that of the reign of the Citizen KING. That anomaly, for such it must have appeared to her, of sovereignty must have grated on her tenderest susceptibilities. LOUIS PHILIPPE The hopes of court! my hopes in heaven do could not but have been a usurper in his wife's eyes, and the ambiguous policy by which he won and lost his unsteady throne must have repelled her taste, as well as her sense of loyalty and divine right. The strange and sudden death of her firstborn son, and of a gifted daughter, the flower of her large family, must have come before MARIE AMELIE as the first, but to her dis-only justice, have exhibited many admirable tinct, intimation that a dynasty founded in qualities during their exile. The simple what her education taught her to regard as domestic virtues were, after all, the strong wrong had not the promise of perpetuity. foundation of the late QUEEN's character. But when the crash came, and the last of It could only have been personal affection the BOURBON Kings displayed a weakness which reconciled the daughter of Naples to which was all but abject, she came out a union with the son of EGALITÉ; and the in all the dignity of a woman and the home life of the Duke and Duchess of daughter of a hundred Kings. It was ORLEANS was a very model of what the not for herself, or for her own aggrandize- family ought to be. In her retirement the ment or happiness, that she counselled the Queen of the FRENCH lived only for her KING to be worthy of himself, and of that family, for her neighbours, and for the Crown which, however attained, was to her poor of whatever nation or creed, to whom a Crown, and the highest symbol of duty. she dedicated so much of her care and her We may perhaps be sceptical as to the charity. If the religion of MARIE AMELIE heroic words, of which more than one ver- was of the strictest form, it did not exclude sion is recorded, which she is said to have the sense of duties which she owed to our addressed to the trembling and disheartened common humanity; and she repaid our hosCitizen KING; and it may turn out pitality, ungrudgingly given as a tribute to that, like Lord BROUGHAM's interview her solid virtues, by abundant alms to her with WILLIAM IV., we have here a modern neighbours, and by the kindest and most mythu. There could have been but few generous sympathy with our tastes and habwitnesses to the celebrated and last scene at its. Whether it be that the great ORLEANS the Tuileries, and whoever was present was family is destined to subside into the honnot likely to repeat the conversation. But ourable rank of English gentlemen, or there can be no question that, in whatever whether the fickle deity who presides over form the protest was spoken, the Queen of politics, the great Goddess Mutability, has the FRENCH, in her last hour of sovereign- still a worthy future for the BOURBONS in ty, passionately and indignantly combated their own land, this is certain, that the saluthe notion of abdication. In that melan-tary influence of English associations will do choly collapse of spirit and duty the only man in the ORLEANS family was a woman. Not that she was, either by nature or taste, a heroine of that melodramatic form which we have lately seen in the Queen of NAPLES. She would have a man and a King do a kingly part; but her own place was much to harden the moral fibre of that unfortunate but remarkable family. And, in either fortune, her descendants will have few happier recollections than those bequeathed by the virtuous and high-toned life of Queen MARIE AMELIE. From The Saturday Review. DONKEY-RIDING ON PARNASSUS. lessly blighted, almost all has been said. It has been calculated, that, at some period or other of their lives, most men and all women have been guilty of the crime of writing indifferent verses. Senior wranglers, and attorneys' clerks, and a few other favoured persons have been perhaps an exception to the rule, and have passed a dry, chippy, verseless youth. But the majority of mankind have known the gentle pleasures of donkey-riding upon Parnassus, and have exhausted the ordinary commonplaces and rhymes about despair, and broken hearts, and flowers and bowers, and the moon. The first effect of the sprouting of the juvenile affections on the male portion of our species is to make them preternaturally gloomy. They have really themselves to blame, for they begin by fixing their young hearts on all sorts of impossible and unattainable objects. Either it is a married cousin twice their age, or it is their tutor's chubbiest daughter, or else a blue-eyed seraph in a bonnet who beams on them every Sunday during the holidays from a distant pew in church. They have long been acquainted with what Horace and Ovid and Lemprière's Dictionary have to say about the terrible and withering effects of love, and now at last they are introduced to it in reality. And they find the passion quite as harrowing as they had expected. Their own miserable condition is much worse than that of all the heroes of whom they have read. Swimming the Hellespont and finding Hero waiting on the other side was a much easier affair than telegraphing the state of one's heart to decorous and innocent young angels during divine service, or summoning up courage to tell the gay and unconscious married cousin all the torments she has inflicted, with the horrid possibility in the background that she will be heartless enough to laugh when she is told. Placed in this sad predicament, between emotion on the one side and the cold code of social conventionality on the other, the juvenile lover believes very naturally that Destiny has marked him for her victini. Under such circumstances, he feels that Horace and Ovid and Sappho and Byron have chalked out beforehand the proper course to be pursued. They wrote Some authoresses never use poetry when they were in love, and the only up the topic at all. They go on all through thing to be done is to follow the example, their lives belonging to what may, without The chief difficulty is in finding material. irreverence, be termed the lute-and-wing Rhymes and metre are not invincible obsta- school of feminine poetry. The occupation cles, but when the cruel being who is the is by no means in itself an unhealthy one for cause of all has been described as light- the young, and it is certainly much better hearted and careless, and her victim as hope- for the head and heart to write about real |