The king of Aragon, joined by the king of Navarre, as well as by Bertrand Duguesclin and other French leaders and soldiers who resented the cruel treatment of Blanche, invaded Castile in 1366, entered Calahorra, and proclaimed Enrique, Pedro's natural brother, as king. Pedro, who was at Burgos, fled to Seville without fighting. Enrique was acknowledged throughout all Castile, and the people of Seville soon after revolted against Pedro, who fled into Portugal. From Portugal he went into Galicia, where he had some partisans, who urged him to try the fortune of arms; but Pedro, having already, in 1363, formed an alliance with Edward III. of England, depended chiefly upon the assistance of the Black Prince, who was then in Gascony. While passing through St. Iago he committed another deed of atrocity, the motive of which is not clearly ascertained. The archbishop of St. Iago, called Don Suero, was lord of several towns and fortresses, and he was one of those who had urged Pedro to make a stand against his enemies. All at once Pedro sent for him, and on the archbishop reaching the gate of his own cathedral, where the king stood as if to receive him, he and the dean were suddenly pierced by the spears of the guards, and the church was plundered. The strongholds of the archbishop were then occupied by the king's troops, after which Pedro embarked at Coruña, and sailed for Bayonne, A.D. 1366.

Edward the Black Prince engaged to restore Pedro to his throne. Pedro on his part promised him the lordship of Biscay, with a supply of money for himself and his army. Besides the alliance existing between his father and Pedro, the French king, Charles V., being the ally of Enrique, the English prince found it his interest to put his weight in the other side of the scale. In the spring of 1367 the Black Prince, together with Pedro, put themselves in motion with an army of English, Normans, and Gascons, and passing through the defile of Roncesvalles, they crossed Navarre, with the consent of that king, and entered Castile. The Black Prince was joined on his march by Sir Hugh de Calverley and Sir Robert Knowles, at the head of several thousand men, who had served as volunteers in the army of Enrique, but would not bear arms against their own countrymen. The army thus reinforced amounted to about 30,000 men. The army of Enrique was much superior in numbers, but the men were not all true to his cause. The two armies met at Najera, a few miles from the right bank of the Ebro, on the 3rd of April. The battle began with the war cry of Guienne and St. George' on one side, and Castile and St. Iago' on the other. Enrique fought bravely, but his brother Don Tello fled from the field at the head of the cavalry, and the Castilian infantry, being charged by the Black Prince in person, gave way. Enrique escaped with very few followers, and retired into Aragon. Pedro, whose ferocity had not been tamed by adversity, wished to kill the prisoners, but was prevented by the Black Prince as long as he remained in Castile. Pedro proceeded to Burgos, and all Castile acknowledged him again. But he behaved faithlessly to his ally; he only paid part of the money which he had promised for the troops, and as for the lordship of Biscay, Pedro excused himself by saying that he could not give it without the consent of the states of that province. The Black Prince, disgusted, and out of health, with his troops half starved, returned to Guienne, where he arrived in July. After his departure Pedro gave vent to his cruelty, and put to death many persons at Toledo, Cordova, and Seville. This gave rise to a second insurrection, and Enrique having again made his appearance, many of the towns of Castile declared for him. Some towns however, and Toledo among the rest, held out for Don Pedro, and a desultory but destructive warfare, as all Spanish wars

In March, 1369, Enrique, being joined by Duguesclin with 600 lances from France, laid siege to the town of Montiel, where his brother then was. Pedro, through one of his knights, made great offers to Duguesclin if he would assist him to escape. Duguesclin informed Enrique of these offers, and it was agreed that he should entice Pedro to his tent. On the evening of the 23rd of March, Pedro came to Duguesclin's tent, when Enrique, who lay in wait, fell upon him with his dagger. They grappled together and fell to the ground, but Enrique soon despatched his brother. A Catalonian, quoted by Zurita, says that Enrique's attendants assisted him in overpowering Pedro. Bad as the latter was, there is no excuse for the treachery and foul manner in which he was killed. Enrique II. was then proclaimed throughout Castile.

(Dunham, History of Spain and Portugal, and authorties therein quoted; Froissart, Chronique.) PETER THE FIRST, called the GREAT,' Czar of Russia, was born at Moscow, on the 11th of June, 1672. His father, Alexis Michaelovitz, was twice married: by his first wife he had two sons and four daughters; and one son (the subject of this notice) and one daughter (Natalia Alexowna) by his second wife. The Czar Alexis was a man of a liberal mind; he commenced the work of improvement among his barbarous subjects, established manufactures, reduced the laws into a code, resisted the usurpations of the clergy, and invited foreign officers to discipline his armies. He died in 1677, and was succeeded by his eldest son Theodore, a youth of delicate constitution, who died in 1682, leaving no issue. The next brother, Ivan, was subject to epileptic fits, and of so weak intellect that Theodore named Peter as his successor. The princess Sophia, an ambitious woman, who had intended to reign herself, through the medium of her incompetent brother, being enraged at this appointment, engaged the strelitzes on her side, and fomented an insurrection, which was only appeased by Ivan being proclaimed joint sovereign with Peter, and Sophia as regent. Peter narrowly escaped with his life on this occasion, for, having fled with his mother to the Troitski convent near Moscow, at the commencement of the insurrection, he was pursued by some of the strelitzes, who found him before the altar, and were only deterred from striking a fatal blow by feelings of reverence or superstition. When Peter was seventeen, his party brought about a marriage between him and the daughter of the boyar Feodor Abrahamavitz, during the absence of Prince Galitzin, who had been associated by the Princess Sophia with her in the government. On the pregnancy of the Czarina being declared, Galitzin, whose plans were entirely deranged by this event, raised an insurrection, which however was soon suppressed, and Galitzin was banished to Archangel, and forfeited his estates. The Princess Sophia was confined to a convent for the rest of her life, which terminated in 1704.

From this time (1689) Peter reigned supreme; his brother Ivan never interfered, and died in 1696. Peter was now in the eighteenth year of his age. He was tall, stout, and well made; his features were regular, but indicated, when grave, a great degree of severity; at other times he was lively and sociable, and always full of energy and activity. His education had been much neglected, and it is said that the Princess Sophia had encouraged every species of excess by placing about him corrupt companions. Although there is no doubt that much of his time was passed in debauchery, yet it is a strong proof that a portion of it must have been devoted to better objects, that he immediately commenced the vast undertaking of reforming the whole system of government and the manners of the people, in which he had to encounter the jealousies of every class of his subjects, who looked upon these changes as subversive of their antient constitution. Peter's indomitable energy however overcame all obstacles. He first directed his attention to the army, in which department his plans were ably seconded by Generals Le Fort and Patrick Gordon, who, with other foreigners, had entered into his service. He himself entered the army as

He next defeated the Swedish fleet in a naval engagement, and instituted the female order of St. Catherine on the occasion, in honour of the czarina, who alone could bestow it. The senate was removed from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 1713, and the emperor's summer and winter palaces were completed in 1715. He employed about 40,000 men in finishing his dockyard, building ships, wharfs, and fortifications. Goods imported into Archangel were prohibited from being sent to Moscow; and under these favourable circumstances, St. Petersburg soon became a place of great commerce and wealth.

Peter had now taken the whole of Finnland, and the provinces of Esthonia and Livonia, and having nothing to fear from Charles XII., he made a second tour through Europe in 1716, accompanied by the empress. They visited Mecklenburg, Hamburg, Pyrmont, Schwerin, Rostock, and Copenhagen, where he remained some months. While he was at Copenhagen, an English and a Dutch squadron arrived: Peter proposed that the four fleets should unite, and proceed to sea in search of the Swedish fleet: the chief command was given to the Czar, who declared the moment in which he hoisted his standard to be the proudest of his life. From Copenhagen he went to Lübeck, where he had an interview with the king of Prussia, and then to Amsterdam, where he remained some time. Catherine, who had been left behind, was brought to bed at Wesel of a third child, which died the next day. She remained at Amsterdam while her husband went to Paris, where he was received with great splendour. On his return to Amsterdam he visited Berlin on his way to Russia. During this tour he purchased great quantities of pictures, cabinets of birds and insects, books, and whatever appeared likely to enrich or ornament the city of his creation. The king of Denmark presented him with a great hollow globe eleven feet in diameter, whose inside represented the celestial and the outside the terrestrial sphere. Peter showed every where the same dislike to parade and formal etiquette which he had always evinced, and avoided them when possible. His eldest son, Alexis, who had unhappily been left to the guardianship of his mother, had always been a source of disquietude and trouble to Peter; and when he grew up, far from showing any desire to tread in the footsteps of his father, he chose his friends and advisers from among the disaffected and turbulent boyars and priests, who were opposed to all change. The unfortunate princess, wife of Alexis, had fallen a victim to the brutal conduct of her husband, after giving birth to a son, Peter Alexiovitz, afterwards Peter II. While yet grieving for the loss of his daughterin-law, Peter remonstrated with his son on his conduct, and told him that he should not be his successor unless he altered his mode of living. These remonstrances being treated with complete neglect by Alexis, who still pursued his vicious courses, Peter forced him, on the 14th Feb, 1718, to sign and swear to a deed wholly renouncing the succession to the crown: he also required from him the names of his advisers in his misconduct. The answers given by Alexis to the queries put to him were such, that Peter thought it necessary to try him by the great officers of state, the judges, and the bishops, who unanimously condemned him to death. On the day of his condemnation, he was seized with a violent illness, which terminated in two days, on the 7th July, 1718. His mother was strictly confined, and his advisers punished. In 1719 the Czar's son by Catherine, in whose favour Alexis had abdicated, died at five years of age. On the 10th September, 1721, the peace of Neustadt was concluded, by which Sweden ceded to Russia, Livonia, Esthonia, Ingria, Carelia, Wyburg, and the P. C., No. 1106.

adjacent islands, but secured the possession of the Gulf of Finland.

Peter had now attained the summit of his glory: he was requested, and after some hesitation consented, to adopt the titles of Peter the Great, Emperor of all the Russias, and Father of his Country.' This was done amidst great rejoicings, which continued for fifteen days. He now turned his undivided attention to the arts of peace. He commenced canals to unite navigable rivers; encouraged by bounties the manufactures of woollen and linen cloths; the erection of corn, powder, and sawing mills; established a manufactory of small-arms; instituted hospitals, and established a uniformity of weights and measures; paved the streets of Moscow and St. Petersburg; and ordered the young nobility to carry their wives to visit foreign courts and countries, in order to acquire more civilised manners. Some of his measures were not so politic, although equally well intended, such as the attempt to fix the prices of provisions and the limit of expense in dress.

In 1722, Peter led an expedition to the Caspian, which however failed in producing any results. In 1723 he went to St. Petersburg to found the Academy of Sciences, and to erect a memorial of the establishment of a navy in Russia. Peter took his idea of the academy from that of Paris, of which he had been elected a member during his visit to that capital. In the same year he caused Catherine to be crowned, and his eldest daughter was married to the duke of Holstein Gottorp. He suffered greatly at this time from a strangury in the neck of his bladder, which painful disorder he endeavoured to stifle by an unlimited indulgence in strong liquors, which so much increased the violence of his temper, that even the empress is said to have feared his presence. Being partially relieved, he went, in October, 1724, contrary to the advice of his physicians, to inspect the works on Lake Ladoga. On his return he proceeded to Lachta, on the Gulf of Finnland, and had scarcely anchored there, when a boat full of soldiers being cast on the shore, Peter, in his ardour to assist them, waded through the water, which brought on violent inflammation in the bladder and intestines. He was conveyed to St. Petersburg, where his complaint made rapid progress, giving him intense and constant pain. He at length sunk under the disease, and expired on the 28th of January, 1725. His body lay in state till the 21st March, when his obsequies and those of his third daughter, Natalia Petrowna, who died after her father, were performed at the same time.

Peter I., deservedly named the Great, was compounded of contradictions; the greatest undertakings and the most ludicrous were mingled together; benevolence and humanity were as conspicuous in him as a total disregard of human life; he was at once kind-hearted and severe even to ferocity; without education himself, he promoted arts, science, and literature. He gave a polish,' says Voltaire, to his people, and was himself a savage; he taught them the art of war, of which he was himself ignorant; from the sight of a small boat on the river Moskwa he created a powerful fleet, made himself an expert and active shipwright, sailer, pilot, and commander; he changed the manners, customs, and laws of the Russians, and lives in their memory as the Father of his Country?'

Menzikoff, whose birth was so obscure as to be totally unknown, and who had risen through the favour of the Czar to be a prince and governor of St. Petersburg, caused Catherine to be proclaimed empress immediately after the death of Peter, and during her reign possessed unlimited power. Catherine died of a cancer in the breast, aggravated by excessive indulgence in wine of Tokay, in 1727, at the age of 38, having survived her husband only two years and a few months. She was succeeded by Peter H., son of the unfortunate Alexis. He was left in the guardianship of Menzikoff, who affianced his daughter to the young Czar. Peter felt the greatest repugnance to her, and in consequence, with the help of Dolgorouki, his tutor, caused Menzikoff to be arrested and banished to Siberia. His great wealth was forfeited, and he was only allowed out of it 10 rubles a day for his support. He died at Berezof, in 1729. The haughty favourite of Peter the Great, whose magnificence exceeded that of crowned heads, died in poverty and exile.

Among other works connected with the mechanical arts, Peter the Great translated L'Architecture de Sebastien Leclerc; L'Art de Tourner, par Plumier;' L'Art des Ecluses et des Moulins, par Sturm.' The manuscripts of VOL. XVIII.—E

these, with his journal of the Swedish campaigns from 1698 ! to 1714, are preserved at St. Petersburg.

(Voltaire; General Gordon, Hist. of Peter the Great; Mem, of Peter Bruce; Coxe's Travels; Biograph. Universelle.)

PETER II. [RUSSIA.]

PETER III. [RUSSIA; CATHARINA II.] PETER THE HERMIT. [CRUSADES.] PETER-HOUSE, the earliest endowed college in the university of Cambridge, was founded in 1257, by Hugh de Balsham, then sub-prior, afterwards bishop of Ely, who, having purchased two hostels, one of them belonging to the Friars of Penance, united them, and appropriated the building for the residence of students; but it was not till 1280, after his promotion to the see of Ely, that he endowed the college with revenues for the support of a master, fourteen fellows, two bible-clerks, and eight poor scholars. After his death a new college was built on the site of the two hostels, for which purpose the bishop gave by will the sum of three hundred marks; he gave them also the church of St. Peter. Among the principal benefactors in subsequent times were Simon Langham, bishop of Ely, who gave the rectory of Cherry-Hinton; bishop Montacute, who appropriated the church of Triplow, and gave the manor of Chewell in Haddenham; Margaret lady Ramsay, who founded two fellowships and two scholarships, and gave two advowsons; and Dr. Hale, one of the masters, who gave the sum of 70007. and two rectories.

The fellowships are open without restriction to natives of any part of the British dominions, but no one is eligible who is M.A., or of sufficient standing to take that degree. The bishop of Ely appoints to the mastership one of two candidates presented to him by the society. The candidates must be doctors or bachelors of divinity, and must be selected if possible from the fellows on the foundation. Formerly there could not be more than two fellows of a county (except of Cambridge or Middlesex), and seven fellowships were confined to the northern and seven to the southern division of England and Wales; but these restrictions were removed by letters-patent, which came into operation in June, 1839. One-fourth part only of the foundation fellows are required to be in priest's orders. By queen Elizabeth's licence the five senior clerical fellows may hold any livings with their fellowships, provided they are not more than 207. in the Liber Regis, and within twenty miles of the university of Cambridge. The bye fellowships, which are perfectly open and unrestricted, are distinct from the former; the possessors of them are not entitled to any office or voice in the affairs of the college. Two were founded 1589, by Andrew Perne, D.D.; two, in 1601, by Lady Ramsay; and four, in 1637, by Thomas Parke, Esq.

Two fellowships of 70l. per annum each, and four new scholarships of 307. per annum each, have recently been added to the college from the donation of the Rev. Francis Gisborne, M.A., late fellow of Peter-House. This foundation bears the name of the donor. The two Gisborne fellowships are tenable for seven years, and any person may be elected from either of them into a foundation fellowship before he is of standing to take his M.A. degree. These fellowships are vacated by marriage, or by the possession of any permanent income amounting to 250l. per annum.

The livings in the gift of this college are, the rectories of Glayston in Rutlandshire, Statherne in Leicestershire, Exford in Somersetshire; Norton, Witnesham, Newton, and Freckenham, in Suffolk; and Knapton in Norfolk; with the vicarage of Hinton, and the curacy of Little St. Mary, Cambridge, in Cambridgeshire; and the vicarage of Ellington in Huntingdonshire. Glayston rectory is annexed to the mastership, and the vicarage of Hinton and the curacy of Little St. Mary are tenable with fellowships.

This college stands on the west side of Trumpingtonstreet, and consists of two courts, the larger of which is 144 feet by 84. The chapel, which stands in the lesser court, was built in 1632. The master's lodge is a detached building on the opposite side of Trumpington-street.

The bishop of Ely is the visitor of this college. The number of members upon the boards, March 18th, 1840, was 210. Copies of the statutes of this college are preserved among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum.

(Lysons's Magna Britann., 'Cambr.,' pp. 103, 104; Camb. Univ. Calendar, 1840.)

PETER PENCE, a tax antiently levied throughout England, according to some authorities, of a penny upon each house; according to others, of a penny upon every house which contained twenty pennyworth of any kind of goods, and paid to the pope. This payment, in antient times, passed under various denominations: Rome-fee, Romepenning, and Rome-scot were the Saxon names; Denarii S. Petri and Census S. Petri, in Latin. The earliest payment of it is attributed by some to Ina, king of the West Saxons, A.D. 720; by others to Offa, king of Mercia, A.D. 790. At one period of his reign, Edward III. discontinued this payment, but it was revived by Richard II. It finally ceased at the Reformation. (Du Cange's Glossary; Hist. Will. Malmsb. Leg. Edw. Conf. & Will. Conq.) PETER'S RIVER, ST. [MISSISSIPPI, River.] PETER'S, ST. [ROME.]

PETERBOROUGH, or PETERBURGH, an English city, in the liberty of Peterborough (otherwise called Nassburgh or Nassaburgh soke or hundred), in the county of Northampton, on the river Nene, and on the Hull and Lincoln mail road, 83 miles from the General Post-oflice, London, by Waltham Cross and Baldock.

This city owes its origin to a celebrated Benedictine abbey founded by Peada, son of Penda, king of the Mercians, soon after the revival of Christianity among the Saxons. Peterborough was antiently called Medeshamsted and Medeswellehamsted. About the year 870 the abbey was destroyed by the Danes; and after remaining desolate for a century, was restored in the reign of Edgar (A.D. 970), about which time the name Medeshamsted was superseded by that of Burgh, otherwise Gilden-burgh, from the wealth and splendour of the abbey, or Peter-burgh, from the saint to whom it was dedicated. In the reign of William the Conqueror the abbey was attacked and plundered by the insurgents of the fens under Hereward-le-Wake; and the village which was rising around it was destroyed by fire. In 1116 the village and the greater part of the abbey were again destroyed by fire. The monastic buildings were gradually restored and augmented; and at the dissolution of the religious houses under Henry VIII., Peterborough was one of the most magnificent abbeys then existing. Having been selected as the seat of one of the new bishoprics erected by Henry, the buildings were preserved entire. In the civil war of Charles I. great devastations were committed. The cathedral itself was much injured, and many of the other conventual buildings were utterly demolished and the materials sold. The Lady-chapel was subsequently taken down by the townsmen, to whom the church had been granted for a parish church. No historical interest is attached to the town independent of the abbey or cathedral.

Peterborough is comprehended in the parish of St. John Baptist, which has a total area of 4880 acres, and a population, in 1831, of 6313: of this the limits of the city comprehend an area of 1430 acres, and a population of 5553; the remaining area and population are included in the hamlets of Dogsthorpe and Eastfield with Newark, and the chapelry of Longthorpe. The city consists of several streets regularly laid out and well paved and lighted, close upon the bank of the river, over which there is a wooden bridge. The houses are in general well built, and several of them are of recent erection. Besides the cathedral, there is a large parish church; and also some dissenting places of worship. There is a market-house, the upper part of which is used as the town-hall; and a small gaol and house of correction for the liberty.

The cathedral of Peterborough is a regular cruciform structure of Norman or early English character, remarkable for the solidity and massiveness of its construction. The erection of it was commenced A.D. 1117 (after the great fire of 1116), by John de Sais or Seez, a Norman, then abbot. It is probable that the choir was the part first erected. It has a semicircular eastern end, and at the extremities of the semicircle there are two slender turrets crowned with pinnacles: the aisles have subsequently been carried out square by an addition of perpendicular character. The chancel was finished (A.D. 1140) by Abbot Martin de Vecti: the great transept and a portion of the central tower were built by Abbot William de Waterville or Vaudeville (A.D. 1160-1175), and the nave by Abbot Benedict (A.D. 1177-1193). The central tower is low, and forms a lantern. The nave has its piers composed of shafts of good proportions and fine