municipal chief officer, was less odious to the AngloSaxon townsmen than that of bailiff, though in some he received and kept the title of bailiff only. In numerous places the chief municipal officer still bears this name, e.g. the High Bailiff of Westminster. In London the Lord Mayor is at the same time Bailiff (which title he bore before the present one became usual). We have also the bailiffs of the towns of Pevensey and Seaford, &c. The duties of bailiff are analogous to those of mayor. By the Municipal Corporations Act, 5 & 6 Wm. IV. c. 76, the title of mayor is given to the chief municipal officer of towns incorporated under that Act. See National Cyclopedia, &c.

WALTER KIRKLAND, F.R.G.S. The duties of bailiffs of manors may be collected from the bailiff's oath in J. Kitchin's "Jurisdictions; or, the Lawful Authority of Courts Leet, Courts Baron, &c.: Together with......a most Perfect Directory for all Stewards of any of the said Courts. Fourth ed. Lon. 1663," p. 93; and from the form of deputation from a lord in The Complete Court-Keeper; or, Land Steward's Assistant, by Giles Jacob, Lon. 1724, p. 74. There is a full account in Blount's Law Dictionary, Lond. 1691; and in Jacob's Law Dict., 8th ed., Lond. 1762.

ED. MARSHALL.

By

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. The Life of George Cruikshank. In Two Epochs. Blanchard Jerrold. 2 vols. (Chatto & Windus.) CRUIKSHANK literature can hardly be said to be a rarity, least of all in the pages of " N. & Q.," where Mr. Bradley, Mr. Ashbee, and Mr. Briscoe have recorded their recollections. Since "Christopher North" issued his first boisterous laudations in Blackwood for July, 1823, there has been a long succession of articles upon this seductive theme. None of them, it is true, for generous enthusiasm and appreciative insight, quite approach Thackeray's famous critique in the Westminster for August, 1840, recently included in his complete works; but Mr. Paget, Mr. Sala especially, Mr. Frederick Wedmore, Mr. Hamerton, Mr. Palgrave, and Mr. W. M. Rossetti have all written more or less ably upon the subject of "glorious George." There was also an admirably illustrated paper in the Century (then Scribner's) Magazine for June, 1878, some of the cuts to which we seem to recognize in the volumes now under notice. Besides these

there are Mr. G. W. Reid's catalogue of 1871, Mr. Hamilton's lecture, and Mr. William Bates's "criticobibliographical essay," the second edition of which is a perfect storehouse of Cruikshank ana, and a capital medium for illustration by inserted plates. But none of these efforts can exactly be called "biographical" in the generally accepted sense of the term, and Mr. Jerrold's book has therefore the honour (as well as the responsibilities) of being the first of its kind. He has brought together a mass of most interesting material respecting Cruikshank, and, as might be expected from so practised a pen, has arranged it with considerable ingenuity. He takes, perhaps, a somewhat larger licence of citation than is usual, and he is more anecdotical than critical; but as he himself speaks of his work as mémoires pour servir merely, it would be unfair to blame it for not being more than it professes to be. Some of its illustrations-a large number of which are from the rare "More

Mornings at Bow Street "-are excellent, most of them are good, and, in an effective design entitled the "GinFiend," which serves as frontispiece to vol. ii., M. Gustave Doré has lent to his friend's enterprise the support of his pencil. There is also a fac-simile of an amusing autograph letter addressed to Laman Blanchard at p. 274 shank will find in Mr. Jerrold's pages a thoroughly readof vol. i. Those who know little or nothing of Cruikable, though rather dispersed, record of one of the most powerful caricaturists since Gillray and most tragic artists since Hogarth; while those to whom much of his material is familiar will still be able to add something to their stock from the personal and hitherto unpublished reminiscences now given. Some of these-had space permitted-we should have been glad to quote. Our only fresh, and those of Cruikshank's more recent contemregret is that, while Mr. Jerrold's own memories are poraries are still procurable, he should have been content to give us what he himself styles" disjecta membra," in the place of that final and definitive life which consequently remains to be written, the more especially as there seems to be but little prospect that the once promised "autobiography" will ever now be published. This is a loss, for, despite George's "Roman infirmity of boasting, it could not have failed to have been a racy and graphic production.

Lectures on Teaching. By J. G. Fitch. Third Edition. (Cambridge University Press).

THE profession of teaching is continually adopted by those who have no special gifts for, or training in, their art, to the destruction of their own tempers and the delay of their pupils' progress. The want of some education in the art of education has long been felt and recognized, and the University of Cambridge in 1879endeavoured to assist teachers by providing lectures and examinations in the theory and practice of education. Among the courses of lectures delivered in furtherance of this useful object were those of Mr. Fitch which are contained in the volume before us. They seem to us to be in every way excellent; they are full, detailed, and suggestive, showing a keen appreciation of the difficulties in the way both of master and pupil, and containing a great mass of practically useful hints. The subject is not one which is considered generally attractive, but these lectures are so interesting in treatment and so enthusiastic in tone that they ought to obtain a wide circulation. The fact that the volume has reached a third edition is some proof of its popularity.

A History of Modern Italy. By Dr. Morell. (Longmans & Co.)

THIS history of Italy supplies a continuous and connected narrative, in a compendious form and in simple language, of Italian history from the time of Odoacer to the

death of Victor Emmanuel and Pius IX. The work is substantially a translation of a history written by a learned priest, Giovanni Bosco, which has a wide circulation in Italian schools. Dr. Morell has adapted it to English requirements, prefixed to it four introductory chapters, and completed the history from the Treaty of Villafranca to the present day. In its present form it commends itself to the notice of teachers as one of the few continuous histories of Italy which are at all suited for the use of schools.

A Critical Greek and English Concordance. Prepared by Charles F. Hudson. (Bagster & Sons.) THIS Concordance has been prepared with great care and labour. It gives, in a compact and well-arranged form, every Greek word used in the New Testament, with the English rendering by which it is translated in each passage in which it occurs, and also the various readings of the best and most ancient MSS. The whole work has been revised and corrected by Dr. Ezra Abbot, one of the American revisers. The concordance is of valuable assistance to the theological student in a critical study of the New Testament, and at the same time is the best and most interesting commentary on the changes which the revisers of the Authorized Version have sanctioned by their approval.

WE have received Part XXVI. of the Yorkshire Archæological and Topographical Journal. It would not be easy to exaggerate the value of the series of which it is a part. Too many of our local archæological journals are composed almost entirely of what the Saturday Review used to call padding; that is, mere printed matter whose only use is to fill out the number. Our Yorkshire friends have avoided this error, and the kindred one of endeavouring to make their papers minister to amusement only. There is much to give pleasure amusement, if you will-to thoughtful people in the issue before us, but of a kind which increases our knowledge of the life of the north of England, and, as a consequence, is a real addition to the store of historic material which is slowly being accumulated. The most important paper in this issue is Mr. Charles Jackson's account of "The Stovin Manuscript." George Stovin, its writer, was a Lincolnshire gentleman who was born towards the end of the seventeenth century and died in 1780. Almost his whole life was spent in the Isle of Axholme or the low-lying grounds of Yorkshire adjoining. He filled for many years the post of a Commissioner of Sewers, and seems to have been very learned in the intricate laws which are administered by the Sewers Courts. He had strongly developed antiquarian tastes, and was particularly interested in the history of the Isle of Axholme. He had great opportunities of gaining information as to the riots and other illegal proceedings which occurred there and in Hatfield Chace during the seventeenth century, as a consequence of the draining works carried out in that region by Sir Cornelius Vermuiden and the Flemings and Netherlanders whom he brought over with him. Mr. Jackson, who has had the good fortune to discover his precious collections, has published some of his notes in full, and others in copious abstract. Mr. J. T. Micklethwaite gives us a learned paper on the "Plan of a Cistercian Religious House." He has not been content with merely examining existing remains and then guessing at their uses, but has studied the institutes of the order and other early documents which throw light on his favourite subject. A portion of the number is devoted to an imprint of a part of Roger Dodsworth's Yorkshire collections. We believe that in future numbers the whole of the Yorkshire portions of these valuable manuscripts will be given.

THE frontispiece of this month's Magazine of Art is a cut of Millet's "Angelus," taken, not from the somewhat over sentimentalized etching lately published, but from the photograph by Prætorius. Of this masterpiece of the Norman peasant-artist we have already said our say in noticing the translation, by Helena de Kay, of Sensier's Life. Among the remaining contents Mr. Andrew Lang's "Art of Savages," and Mr. Monkhouse's review of Charles Blanc's Grammaire des Arts Décoratifs, under the title, "The Decoration of a Home," are, perhaps, the most attractive. Another able article is that by Mr. Harry V. Barnett on Chatto's History of Wood Engraving. The writer shows considerable technical knowledge of his subject, and we rejoice to see that he has had the courage to condemn (as we did) the perfunctory chapter added to the book in 1861 by Mr. H. G. Bohn. Altogether Messrs. Cassell & Co. are to be congratulated upon their editor and their enterprise. The letter-press of the Magazine of Art is well chosen and judiciously varied, while its illustrations, as examples of wood engraving, can scarcely be improved upon.

DEATH OF MR. FRANCIS.-It is with very deep regret that we announce the death of our kind-hearted and excellent publisher Mr. John Francis, which took place on the 6th inst. All who had the advantage of knowing Mr. Francis will share our feelings; while those who did not know him personally, but remember his great services to the newspaper world generally-by his successful exertions in procuring the repeal of the Advertisement Duty, then that of the Stamp Duty, and lastly that of the Paper Duty-will acknowledge the deep obligation which Mr. Francis conferred, not upon the publishing world only, but upon all readers, students, and lovers of literature. The funeral will take place on Tuesday next at Highgate Cemetery.

THE WYCLIF SOCIETY has been founded with a view to publishing the complete works of John Wyclif. Out of the great mass of the Reformer's Latin writings, only one treatise of importance, the Trialogus, has ever been printed. Published abroad in 1525, and again in 1753, it was edited for the Oxford University Press in 1869 by Dr. Lechler. The Honorary Secretary is Mr. John W. Standerwick, General Post Office, London, E.C., from whom further information can be obtained.

have formed the subject of an interesting series of papers FOR Some time past "The Parish Churches of Craven" in the Craven Pioneer; they have just been concluded by a list of the vicars of Skipton, commencing from 1267 and ending in 1843, when the present incumbent, who is the first rector of the parish, was installed.

Notices to Correspondents.

T. C. (Halifax).-1. Not till after the union of the crowns. 2. On the second coinage of James I. 3 and 4. In the later and popular sense of the terms, as 1. 5. To identify himself with the country as a whole, and to show that his associations and interests were national, not foreign. 6. As the first part of 5, mutatis mutandis. E. C. B.-Ecclesiastical dynamite, we fear, and therefore unsuitable.

NOTICE.

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