he recited it without enhancement, without expatiating, without any attempt to be pathetic. As is always the case, this simplicity gave the narration its full force. The Council began to hesitate. One of the members at length observed, "Certainly such a man as this ought not to be sent to the gallows." To this opinion the members unanimously assented. A pardon was immediately made out, and transmitted to Springfield, and Richard returned to his family.

Model Farming in Ireland and Scotland.

An important step has been made to promote agricultural education in Scotland. During the late agricultural meeting at Glasgow, a number of gentlemen, favorable to the establishment of elementary schools for the purpose, met in the Mechanics' Hall, when, besides gentlemen connected with the Agricultural Chemistry Association of Scotland, several strangers attended, including Lords Wallscourt, Clements, Ranelagh, Sir Robert Bateman, Sir R. Houston, and others.

The

Lord Justice Clerk took the chair, and Professor Johnstone explained the object of the meeting. Mr. Skilling, superintendent of a model farm at Glassnevin, near Dublin, under the Irish boards of Education, made a statement of the measures carried out by the board since 1838. There are now three thousand teachers under the board; there are seven training establishments to supply teachers, but there will shortly be twenty-five, and it is intended to plant one in every county of Ireland. Mr. Skilling described the plan pursued at the Glassnevin training school established in 1838. The class of labor is limited to spade-husbandry, only the spade and wheelbarrow being used.

"The scholars, amounting to sixty or sev enty, were lodged near the farm, and fed from it. After being engaged on the farm in the mornings of five days in the week, they went into the town for their literary education; but the whole of Saturday was appropriated to examinations. They had a garden, and, in connection with it, a competent gardener, who lectured for a half hour in the morning; and he (Mr. Skllling) also lectured to the young men on agricultural subjects. At stated periods the teachers attended the farm, and witnessed every practical operation which was going on upon it. They observed every system of cropping, and got explanations on every subject with which they were acquainted; and the result was, that when, they went away, at the end of the course, they were found to be vastly improved in the scientific knowledge of agriculture and its practical details. During the course, they were enabled to obtain a considerable knowledge of agriculture, chemistry, and geology they also received practical information as to the principles of rotation in cropping, the cultivation of green crops, and the like. The practical errors which existed, as to the man

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agement of land, were also pointed out to them, such as the loss caused by bad fences, seeling beds by weeds, &c.; and, on the other hand, they were shown the advantages of draining, and opening, and turning the land, and the beneficial results of these on the general management."

This model farm had not only paid its rent, but returned a profit of £150 or £170 a year. Afterwards five boys, edcated in a training school at Larne, in the north of Ireland, were introduced and examined.

"They seemed to belong to the better class of peasantry, being clad in homely garbs, and they appeared to be from twelve to fourteen or fifteen years of age. They were examined in the first instance by Mr. Gibson, inspector of schools, on grammar, geography, and arithmetic, and scarcely a single question did they fail to answer correctly. They were then examined by Professor Johnstone on the scientific branches, and by Mr. Finnie, of Swanton, and Mr. Alexander, of Southbar, on the practical departments of agriculture. Their acquaintance with these was delightful and astonishing. They detailed the chemical constitution of the soil, and the effect of manures, the land best fitted for green crops, the different kinds of grain crops, the dairy, and the system of rotation. Many of these subjects required considerable exercise of reflection; and, as a previous concert between them. selves and the gentlemen by whom they were examined was out of the question, their acquirements seemed to take the meeting quite by surprise, at the same time that they afforded it the utmost satisfaction, as evincing how much could be done by a proper system of training. The youths and their teachers retired amidst much applause."

Lord Clements bore testimony relative to the eagerness for instruction evinced by the peasantry near his property, in the wildest part of Connaught-men twenty years of age coming from a distance of many miles to attend the school. Mr. Atlee, the teacher of an agricultural school on Lady Noel Byron's property, at Ealing, reported the success of that establishment. There were at that moment five hundred applicants for admission to the farm as boarders.

Principal McFarlan advocated education in agriculture; but exhorted the meeting to carry on their improvements in accordance with the feelings of the people, not shocking their habits by rash innovations. He moved a resolution, that elementary instruction should be afforded to the rural population of Scotland. This was seconded by Mr. Alexander, and carried unanimously.

Col. Lindsay, of Bolcarras, declared that the people of Scotland must make haste, lest they should be behind in the progress of improvement.

"He must congratulate these young men from Ireland on the admirable display they had made. To be a Scotsman was often found a recommendation in procuring em

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ployment elsewhere; but these young men from Ireland would soon show to Scotsmen that they were behind the Irish; and that, if they would maintain their high character for industry and intelligence, they must be inThese lads from Irestructed as they were. land had evinced so much agricultural information, that, when ready for employment, He was they had only to ask, to obtain it. almost ashamed to admit his belief, that there was not a similar class of youths in Scotland who would answer the questions as these Irish lads had done."-London Spectator.

JERUSALEM AT SUNSET.

We generally resorted to the city as the sun declined. Solemn, sepulchral, is the character then impressed on the mind. Here is a city, still to the eye extensive and lous, but no voice arises from its wide area, and the hills and valleys around. The evening breeze rustles among its hoary trees, sweeping sadly the bleak, rocky surface of the ground. The red light glances over the city, touching its domes and minarets with a last dying gleam, and the dreary hills are broken into great masses of purple and vermillion, while the glen below, where sleep millions of the sons of Israel, and the sad groves which surrounded the agony of of Christ are sinking into the shades of night.

Such is the hour to view Jerusalem, alone, seated under some ancient tree, memorial of her past burden and guilt. Then looking eastward over the far horizon of Moab and the desert, glowing in the sun's last rays, completes the indelible impression of a scene that, for its association, is unequalled in the world. Our survey of Olivet would be incomplete without visiting Bethany—which is at its eastern extremity-the village to which Jesus so often retired to visit the hospitable family of Lazarus.

The path continues from the crest of Olivet, and, as we lose sight of Jerusalem, presents us with a succession of pleasing landscapes. The approach is through the open corn-fields; the white roofs of the sequestered village are seen among groves of olives, which mark nearly the extremity of cultivation, before we reach the solitudes of the desert.

There

are, on the right, the remains of the building of the middle ages, and on the bleak hills beyond, the more extensive ruins of a castle or convent, overlooking the dead sea and the Moab Mountains. In the village is shown a tomb which tradition has selected as that of Lazarus. The pilgrim will linger about this pastoral spot, recalling the walks through the cornfields, where Jesus plucked the ears of corn by the way-side, or imagin

valleys of Piedmont. He spoke of the persecution to which his brethren were subject, of the relentless hate which pursued them, even when performing works of benevolence. He requested a few copies of the hymns used in the church, to present to his small congregation at Turin. After paying for them, and just before leaving, as the minister was cordially shaking his hand, the stranger, in a humble tone, begged to leave a memento of his visit to the church, as an expression of Christian feeling, and handed £20 to the pastor, for the spread of the Gospel. The latter naturally asked his name. "Oh," replied he, " my name and the gift are distinct things; they have nothing to do with each other. Never mind the name.'

The benevolence of England towards their brethren in the poor but interesting valleys of Piedmont, received, in the bountiful gift of this Christian stranger, a pleasing and remarkable return, and beautifully illustrates those words of Eternal Wisdom," Cast thy bread upon the waters, and it shall be found after many days."—London paper.

LAKE SUPERIOR COPPER.-The valuable Lake Superior minerals will begin to yield their rich tribute the present season, and the prediction is ventured that ere long the copper of the world will be mainly supplied from the mineral regions washed by the Father of Lakes. We learn from Mr. Mendenhall, the enterprising pioneer in Lake Superior explorations, that permission has been obtained to transport 1000 tons of mineral to Boston for smelting, and that so rich is the ore that it commands $200 per ton at the works in that city. Mr. M. is on his way to Copper Harbor, to continue explorations and surveys.

At present the Algonquir, taken from this port, and at great labor and expense

conveyed around the Sault St. Marie and launched upon Lake Superior several years ago by the Cleveland Company, of which Mr. M. was the master spirit, is now the only American vessel afloat on that lake. Additional shipping will be put upon the lake this season, the schooner Swallow having already left this port for Lake Superior. The small schooner Chippewa is also destined for that lake, and a fine craft is building at Detroit for the same destination. The report that the propeller Vandalia would be taken round the Sault, is incorrect. Cleveland Herald.

Saturday Night.

How many associations, sweet and hallowed, crowd around that short term, "Saturday night!" It is the requisite prelude to more pure, more holy, more heavenly associations, which the tired frame and thankful soul hail with new and renewed joys at each successive return.

'Tis then that the din of busy life ceasescares and anxieties are forgotten-and the worn-out soul seeks its needed repose, and the mind its relaxation from earth and its concerns-with joy looking to the coming day of rest, so wisely and beneficently set apart för man's peace and happiness by the great Cre

ator.

The tired laborer seeks his own neat cottage, to which he had been a stranger, perhaps, the past week, where a lovely wife and smiling children meet him with smiles and

caresses.

Here he realizes the bliss of hard-earned comforts; and, at the same time, perhaps, more than others, the happiness of domestic life and its attendant blessings.

Released from the distracting cares of the week, the professional man gladly beholds the return of "Saturday night," and as gladly sees, in the clustering vines nourished by his parental care, the realization of those joys which are only his to know at these peculiar seasons, and under these congenial circumstances, so faithfully and vividly evinced by this periodical home of enjoyment and repose.

The lone widow, too, who had toiled on, day after day, to support her little chargehow gratefully does she resign her cares at the return of "Saturday night," and thank her God for these kind resting-places in the way of life, by which she is encouraged from week to week to hold on her way!

But on whose ear does the sound of “Saturday night" strike more pleasantly than the devoted Christian's? Here he looks up amid the blessings showered upon him, and thanks God with humble reverence for their continu

ance.

His willing soul expands at the thought of waiting on God in the sanctuary on Sunday, and gladly forgets the narrow bounds of time and its concerns, save spiritual, that he may

feast on joys ever new-ever beautiful-ever glorious-ever sufficient to satiate the joyfraught soul that rightly seeks its aid.

It leads him to the Lamb of God for protection, and rationally points out the way to joys on high, an endless Sabbath, a perpetual rest for the vigilant and faithful. Southern Miscellany.

ANOTHER WONDER.-A sort of Thames Tunnel has been discovered under water near Marseilles. It is a submarine passage, passing from the ancient Abbey of St. Victorie, running under the arm of the sea, which is covered with ships, and coming out under a tower of Fort St. Nicholas. M. Joyland, of the Pontset-Chaussées, and M. Matayras, an architect, accompanied recently by some friends and a number of laborers, went to the abbey, were able to clear their way to the other end, and came out at Fort St. Nicholas, after working two hours and twenty minutes. This tunnel is deemed much finer than that of London, being formed of one single vault of sixty feet span, and one fourth longer.

BOOKBINDING-COMPLETED.

[For the earlier processes, see the American Penny Magazine, No. 11, p. 166 and No. 12, p. 180.]

Sprinkling is a singular process. A set of books, to be sprinkled of one color, are ranged side by side on a bench. A color is mixed up, of Umber, Venetian red, or any other cheap pigment, with water and paste, or size; into this the workman dips a large brush, and then strikes the handle or root of the brush against a stick held in the other hand, so as to cause a shower of spots to fall on the edges. Some books have the edges marbled, done in a manner similar to that observed in making marbled paper.

In gilding the edge is scraped, and then coated with a liquid of red chalk and water. The leaf-gold is blown out upon a cushion covered with leather, where it is placed out smooth with a knife, and cut up into two or more pieces, according to the size and thickness of the book whose edge is to be gilt. On the workbench is a cup containing some white of egg beaten up with water. It is laid, by a camel-hair pencil, on the damp surface. The gold is then laid on the book-edge. The workman holds in his two hands a long-handled burnisher, at the lower end of which is fixed a very smooth, straight-edged piece of hard stone; this he places on the gilt surface, and, with his left elbow resting on the work-bench, and the handle of the burnisher resting on his right shoulder, he rubs the gold with great

"Extra-Finisher" at work. force at right angles to the direction of the leaves. No gold is rubbed off, but the whole is brought to a high degree of polish.

The covers of books are decorated in a greater variety of ways than the edges. Roan-bound schoolbooks are sometimes "marbled" outside; a process which bears some resemblance to the sprinkling of the edges. A liquid composition of copperas, potash, water, and any common coloring substance, such as umber, is made. The books are opened, and hung over two bars; the liquid color is then dashed on.

The cotton cloth with which so large a number of new books is now covered, has an ornamental character given to it in three different ways. Printing it with figures is done by a separate establishment, with the aid of cylinder machines, having the various patterns engraved on the rollers. Every kind of stamping or embossing in leather or cloth is more effectually performed when aided by heat, and it is to af. ford this heat that gas-jets are employed.

Embossing.-The device is engraved on a flat thick plate of steel or gun-metal, which is stamped down upon the leather or cloth. These are of immense power; indeed, one of them exerts a pressure of no less than fifty tons.

The name of blocking is given to the

operation whereby the depressed device is given. This is either effected by a number of punches and other small tools used by hand, or by means of a small blockingpress. In the "extra-finishing" shop, a name given to the shop where the higher class of books receive their ornamental devices, are several tripods or standing frames, which act as gas-stoves. A jet of gas is so placed as to heat a central compartment, into or against which the tools are placed, whether for lettering or ornamenting, whereby the blocking, or rather "tooling," is effected. Sometimes the depressed device is not coated with gold, in which case it is called "blind-tooling;" in others, gold is laid on the book, and then stamped down with the heated tool. When the device is to be a gilt one, the leather is first coated with size, then two or three times with white of egg, and lastly slightly touched with a piece of oiled cotton at the time the gold is laid on. The gold is laid on in slips of greater or lesser size. The loose or superfluous gold is then wiped off with a rag-which rag, we may remark, becomes an article of no small value in the course of time.

All that we have here said of ornamental devices applies equally to the lettering of a book. Where, however, it may be done conveniently, the punches or small devices, instead of being fixed' in handles and used singly, are fixed, by means of glue and cloth, to a metallic plate, and thus impressed on the book at one blow by a press. Where a fillet, or line, or running sprig forms a part of the ornament on the back, sides, or edge of a book, it is frequently done by a wheel or "roll" in the manner here represented. The edge or periphery of the wheel has the device in relief, and this, being wheeled along carefully over the surface of the book, leaves a corresponding depression.

The

Such are the principal modes by which a book is decorated. We have been able merely to give a type or general representation of each, and must necessarily pass over minuter shades of operation. costly bindings in velvet and silk, the gold and silver clasps of expensive bibles, and all the niceties which the connoisseur in bookbinding regards with such an admiring eye, we must pass over in silence.

It remains only for us to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr. E. Walker, of this city, who has furnished us with the cuts and facts in this brief sketch.