and water, and round them came, in concentric envelopes, first the aër, and then the flamma or aether.

112. redii 'was duly moulded into features and limbs'. redeo (here used as equivalent to the pass. of reddo) (1) to go back, (2) to go into one's right place: cf. V. 12 'inque novas species omne recessit opus.' So reddo, like άrodíòwμi, give back, (2) to render what is due. (See line 252.)

=

(1) to

113. nota, in apposition to the sentence in the next line. 114. ante 'in front,' post 'behind.'

115. quaesitae formae 'of my acquired shape.'

116. noris = noveris. nosco 'I ascertain' or 'learn,' novi 'I have learnt,' 'I know.'

120.

universe.

cardinis the ‘hinge' or 'axis' of the sphere of the

121. cum libuit 'when it is my pleasure.'

122. perpetuas uninterrupted.' So perpetui montes means not the eternal hills,' but an unbroken chain of hills.'

123. miscebitur. For the indic. cf. Hor. Odes "Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum Dextra levasset."

124. condita 'imprisoned.' The temple of Janus was shut in time of peace, open in time of war. From Numa to Augustus it was only once shut, after the first Punic war. Horis. They were named Eunomia, Dike, Eirene.

125.

126. it redit 'comes and goes.

127. inde i.e. from ire and ianua a door,' implied in the preceding cardinis, foribus etc. Banus is a variety of the name, given by Cicero. cereale wheaten.'

128. cui cuius altari. libum a cake called ianual. farra mixta sale = the mola salsa, with which the head of the victim was sprinkled. At every solemn sacrifice Janus was first propitiated, even before Jupiter, lest he should close the door against the prayers offered to other gods.

129. Patulcius [pateo] 'the opener.'

'the shutter.'

131, scilicet 'the reason is.' See l. 29.

Clusius [claudo]

alterno nomine 'by the alternate use of the two names.' diversas vices 'the alternate exercise of opposite duties.' 134. aliqua parte 'in some degree.'

135. hinc atque hinc on this side and on that': lit. 'from this side'. The Romans (and Greeks) habitually used from in such cases, e.g. a dextra on the right,' a tergo ' in the rear.'

136. populum 'the outer world.' Larem 'the household god.' The altar of the Lares faced you as you entered the atrium, or inner court, see Note on V. 129.

141. Hecate in Hades, Diana on earth, Luna in heaven, are one and the same deity. In places where three roads met statues were placed representing her, under the name of Trivia, with three heads, one of a horse, one of a dog, and the third of a lion. servet observe.' ternas (distrib.) 'sets of three.' bina 'both sides at once.'

142.

144. Join non moto.

146.

difficilem 'intractable' opp. to facilis 'affable,'

'tractable.'

149. frigoribus abl. of time.

150. incipiendus

'would have been better begun

with spring.' For the indicative erat see Note on V. 414 and Appendix 0.

152. gravido 'teeming.'

153. Join modo formatis.

154. prodit from prodeo. seminis herba the blade (of corn) from the seed. [herba, pépßw 'feed'].

157. blandi soles 'the sunny days are inviting.' ignota 'the stranger.'

160. haec fem. by attraction to novitas 'this (springtime) should rightly have been called the opening of the year.' 161. multis sc. verbis.

163. bruma [= brevima] 'the shortest day,' 'the winter solstice.'

165.

cur non sine litibus i.e. why it was a dies fastus (see 1. 48.)

167, 8. 'I associated the infancy of the year with the transaction of business, lest from an idle beginning the whole year might prove idle.' (Cf. line 26).

169, 70. The sense is 'So every man does just one stroke of work at his trade, whatever it is, enough to give evidence of his usual occupation and no more.'

agendo lit. 'by

delibo 'to sip,' 'to take a little.' practising it.'

172. See note to line 128.

175. laeta verba 'a happy new year.'

178. "Well begun is half done," we say. omen [for osmen] was an indication of the divine will drawn from words or sounds. Cicero, de Div. II., 40, 84 gives a good instance of an omen. When M. Crassus was starting on his ill-fated expedition against the Parthians, and the army was drawn up at Brundusium, just before the embarkation, a man went by crying cauneas," figs for sale." The word cauneas was universally accepted by the soldiers as an omen, 'cau(e) ne eas.'

9 66

179. timidas 'superstitious' cf. II. 350.

180. primum adv., to be joined with visam. 181. sc. on the 1st of January.

184. I left no interval between his last words and my

=

185. Quid sibi vult 'what means ?' palma usually = the date-palm, here the' date' itself, which was generally called caryota. Dates, often gilded, figs and other sweet things were usual New Year's gifts. rugosa 'wrinkled' because dry. 187. sequatur 'attend.'

188. dulcis to be taken as a predicate.

189. stipis [from the same root as stipare, because such small coins were pressed together in a heap] a small coin': these small brass coins were called strenae, whence comes the French étrenne. [Our word stipend stipipendium.]

=

190. lǎbet lit. 'totter,' i.e. be faulty, unexplained. [Not to be confused with labor, to glide.']

191. quam which usually qualifies an adjective or adverb, is here used with a verb, a rare but classical use. 'How little you comprehend the times in which you live.' Cf. IV., 463 quam sit . . . .' and 810' quam velit.' fallo lit. 'escape notice.' 192. qui putes. Note qui causal with the subjunctive. With mel supply sumptum.

193. Saturno regnante in the golden age. Saturn when expelled from heaven by Jupiter came down to Latium and reigned there.

194.

forent subjunctive, because cuius...forent depends on a quasi-negative vix quemquam.

196. 'Scarcely has it a point beyond, to which it may still advance.' quo = tale ut eo, a consecutive use of the relative and subj.

197. Note that the ablative of price is used, except in the case of the adjectives magni, parvi, pluris, etc. (Cf. Lat. Pr. § 128 a). 199. casa. Probably an allusion to the casa Romuli on the Palatine. Martigenam son of Mars (and Rhea Silvia). capiebat 'was large enough for.'

202. fictile [fingo]' of clay,' cf. Propertius IV. i., 5 and 7. "Fictilibus crevere deis haec aurea templa," and "Tarpeiusque pater nuda de rupe tonabat."

203. quae Capitolia. Notice the frequent Latin construction, whereby the substantive is put into the subordinate, relative clause; not, as in English, into the principal clause.

207.

iura dabat. (Cf. line 38) lay down laws,' populis 'for conquered peoples.' iura dare is not to be confounded with the technical expression ius dare to 'administer justice,' which is used of the praetor or 'judge.'

praetor here means 'commander of the army' [= prae-itor, 'he who goes before']. Cincinnatus is alluded to. See Smith's small Rom. Hist. p. 34.

208. lamina properly 'a thin plate' of metal: then used, as we use the word, of gold or silver 'plate.' Fabricius, when censor B.C. 276, expelled a distinguished member of the senate for possessing as much as ten pounds: weight of silver 'plate.' Cf. Hor. Od. II. ii. 2, 'inimice lamnae.' crimen [kpivw] 'a ground of accusation.' levis [ẻ-λaxùs] 'light,' not to be confounded with lēvis [λeîos] 'smooth,' or laevus [λaîos] 'left.'

210. Cf. Horace, Od. I. i. 36, "Sublimi feriam vertice sidera," and Odes I. i. 6, "Evehit ad deos."

213. certant quaerere ut absumant 'they struggle to get (money), in order to spend it, and when spent they struggle to get it again.' With certant cf. the use of pugno as in II. 490. 214. 'alternations' (sc. of want and plenty).

215. ab 'in consequence of.' (See Note on II. 85 and Appendix a).

216.

suffusa 'diffusing itself under the skin' (in dropsy.) Cf. Horace, Odes II. ii. 13, "Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops."

217. A play on words, just as we say, 'Nothing succeeds like success.' pretium 'a man's worth in money': in pretio est 'is prized.' census 'income' pretium. honores 'public

offices.'

219.

=

tamen i.e. although you see how money is valued. 220. nostras seems to imply that Janus also received a stips: but more likely he identifies himself with the Romans, as he is identified above, in 1. 69, 'tuis.'

ancient form of money, i.e. copper.

222.

aera vetusta the

moneta 'money,' which is derived from moneta. Properly moneta was the Mint,' a building attached to the temple of Juno Moneta. Cf. VI. 163.

223. probemus 'have no objection to.'

224. aurea. Tiberius dedicated a restored temple of Janus A. D. 17. These lines 223-226 must therefore have been inserted when Ovid revised his book. See Introd. § 2. utimur 'reap the advantage of.'

225.

226. dignus coli would be in prose dignus qui colatur.. 229. navalis a predicate. Why is one of the two impressions stamped on the brass that of a ship?' See Dictionary of Antiquities, or pictures in Liddell's Rome, pp. 121 and 128.

231. 232.

ni. supply before ni-' and you would have been able extenuasset 'made indistinct.' dies

to recognize me
fem. lapse of time.'

233. superest 'is still left to be told,' lit. 'is over and above' Greek TEPIEσTÍ. Tuscum amnem. the Tiber rises in Etruria, and forms its boundary.

234. falcifer deus Saturn (see 1. 193). Join ante with pererrato.

238. latente deo 'because the god lay hid there' [Latium is more probably connected with Tλarùs, i.e. the broad plain, T having dropped out.]

241. solum 'the plot of ground,' on the Janiculum, on the right, i.e. the Etruscan, side of the Tiber. laevum latus.