κατερραθυμημένα, "what you have forfeited by your love of ease," i. e. political standing in relation to Philip and the Greeks. palvuía indolence and indifference.

from top to bottom, so completely.

πάλιν ἀναλήψ. A common pleonasm.

κακεῖνον τιμωρήσεσθε. Last but not least. The Greeks regarded revenge simply as a pleasure. See Agesilaus in Xen. Hell. iv. 1. 10, ὑπερχαίρω ὅταν ἐχθρὸν τιμωρῶμαι, and other passages quoted by Frohberger Lys. xiii. 4. Observe the slow spondaic rhythm.

8 Philip is human after all and therefore liable to the vicissitudes of human fortune.

τὰ παρόντα πεπηγ. πράγματ ̓ ἀθάνατα. In solemn and emphatic passages the broad a recurs frequently. Cf. inf. 36. Tr. "the present state of things is fixed for ever." proleptic = ὥστε ἀθάνατα εἶναι.

ἀθάνατα

ảλλà kal μiσeî tis, "no, there's many a man who hates" καὶ ἅπανθ ̓ ὅσαπερ κ.τ.λ., “ and all the passions, without exception (-πeр) which exist in other men

KaTÉπτηXE, "crouch in submission."

TaÛTα, "these peoples." The neuter is used where a number of persons are spoken of with reference to their sum total not to the individuals. Cf. de Cor. 318 τἆλλα πάντα, τοὺς ποιητάς, τοὺς χόρους κ.τ.λ.

ἀποστροφή, "resource." Place to turn to from danger= καταφυγή but with opposite terminus.

palvμlav. See § 7 n.

ἣν ἀποθέσθαι φημὶ δεῖν ἤδη, "which I tell you you must throw off-now. "" The last word uttered with special energy. Cf. vûv § 7. non, de Cor. 10.

9 The preceding section is intended to encourage the Athenians; what follows is to make them angry with Philip and ashamed of themselves.

τὸ πρᾶγμα,

"the matter of fact," (in opposition to the orator's description in words) explained in the relative clause οι άνθρωπος.

οἱ ἀσελγείας. Partitive genitive. G. 220.

οἱ προελήλυθ ̓ ἀσελγείας ὃς—a loose construction in which a personal relative refers to a noun expressing a quality or to a predicative genitive, and so is synonymous with et Tis. Cf. c. Onetor. II. 6, σκέψασθε τὴν ἀναίδειαν ὃς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐτόλμησεν εἰπεῖν. Thuc. iv. 18, Σωφρόνων ἀνδρῶν οἵτινες, κ.τ.λ.

aveρwπos. This appellation implies bitterness and indignation. Cf. Phil. iii. 27, οὔθ ̓ ἡ Ἑλλὰς οὔθ ̓ ἡ βάρβαρος τὴν πλεον εξίαν χωρεῖ τἀνθρώπου.

ὥς φασι, as ἤκουόν τινων, Οl. i. 22, τινος, ii. 17. The orator had to be very careful how he risked his reputation for credibility, especially in the ¿ккλŋolá.

oux oîós éσtiv, “is not the sort of man to "little from ofós Te infr. 37. See G. 210 top.

olos differing

μévelv éπl toútwv, "to stay there," go no further. Cf. de Cor. 307.

as we sit idle." Cf. infr. 44, de fals. leg. 171

TEPLOTοLX LETα, "is fixing his nets around us. ἐκ μεταφορᾶς τῶν κυνηγετῶν· ματὰ γὰρ τὰς ἐκδρομὰς τῶν θηρίων ὀρθὰ ξύλα ἱστᾶσιν ἃ, καλοῦσι στοίχους ἢ στόχους καταπετάννυντες αὐτῶν diкTva. Harpocration. Circumretire, Cicero.

10 πότε-πότε. Epanadiplosis, the second πότε with somewhat stronger accent than the first. This figure is used to express the earnest conviction in the orator's mind, which is not content with a single utterance, but finds a vent in repetition. Cf. Cic. pro Mil. tuas tuas inquam, de Cor. 24, 208. The question here is of an essentially different nature to the Rhetorical in § 2. This is asked with a burst of indignation and astonishment, its aim being to cause conviction (eλeyxos, TEÛOLS EλEYKTIK) and shame, and so lead to decisive action : something like a command, yet fully recognizing the hearer's right of independent judgment. The sudden outbreak, the rapid accumulation of questions in short sharp sentences reflect the vehemence of the orator.

ἐπειδὰν τί γένηται (ἃ χρὴ πράξετε); “ what is to happen first?" Lit. "when what shall happen?" In Greek not only independent sentences, but also dependent clauses (final, temporal, conditional, relative) may be expressed interrogatively. Cf. Plat. Alcib. I. 8, p. 207, ὅταν οὖν περὶ τίνος βουλεύωνται (ἀναστήσει αὐτοῖς συμβουλεύσων); Gorg. 448 c. Soph. Aj. 107. This idiom is not Latin, nor English, except perhaps when a word has been imperfectly heard.

ἐπειδὰν νὴ Δι ̓ ἀν. τ. ᾖ. "When-you are obliged, I dare say." Demosthenes uses this popular form of asseveration far more frequently than the other orators, sometimes in earnest, e.g. Phil. ii, 23; often in anticipating a possible objection in the very words of the supposed objector, áà vǹ Ala-"but surely-"; often ironically, as here, answering a question he

has himself asked and repeating the emphatic word of the question. Cf. c. Aristocr. 124, TÓTEρov povμela ĥov; ψηφιούμεθα νὴ Δία.

vuv opposed to reidάv, and so at the beginning of the sentence, but to be taken with yɩyvóμeva, “what is one to think of what is going on now? I think that for free men, etc." Tí singular, non quaerit quaenam eae res sint quae fiant (ríva Xpr тà yiyν. iy.) sed quaenam earum rerum quae fiunt vis atque natura sit. Franke.

ey μév, "I for one," modestly, without following dé. Often with ἐγώ before οἶδα, ὁρῶ, ἡγοῦμαι, κ.τ.λ.

yáp often points to a thought in the orator's mind, which in his energetic haste he suppresses, but which may be easily supplied from the context. So here this suppressed thought is an answer to the preceding question Tí xpǹ K.T.A.; "Why that present events (rà yy.) are compulsion enough. For I think, etc."

The rhythm μεγίστην ἀνάγκην—αἰσχύνην εἶναι is slow and grave as befits the dignity of the thought. Cf. de Chers. 51, a passage very similar to this §: where however the pertness of the question and answer ἐπειδὰν τί—ἀνάγκη τις ᾖ is much modified, and the orator speaks more sadly and earnestly.

εἰπέ μοι like φέρε one of the many artifces by which the Greek orator made an impression on his hearers, each of whom would think himself spoken to. It became a formula, and so often occurs among plurals, as here.

aútŵv=ả\\ýλwv. Cf. de Cor. 19 et al.

περιιόντες πυνθάνεσθαι· λέγ. τι κ. ; Acc. to Ar. Rhet. iii. 7, a part of propriety of style (rò πpérov) is characteristic expression (n noiкn λégis) i.e. the proper expression to describe a class of human beings (e.g. old men, women, Spartans, etc.) or a particular frame of mind (es). So Olynth. iii. 22, the stereotyped phrases of the demagogues, here those of the political noveltymonger, as in busy idleness he goes about (repuévα) asking for information (Tuv¤áveσbai), and telling wonderful tales (XoyoToLeiv). Theophrastus describes this character, c. 8 Tepi λoyoποιίας. See also the beginning of Plato's Euthyphro and Acts of the Apostles xvii. 21, λέγειν τι καὶ ἀκούειν καινότερον.

Tepléval. Cf. inf. 48, de Cor. 158.

πυνθάνεσθαι. Ol. ii. 23. The counterpart of λογοποιεῖν, inventions, stories without foundation, σύνθεσις ψευδῶν λόγων kal πрağéwv, Theophrast. cf. inf. 49; Thuc. vi. 38. 1; Plaut. Trin. 222.

λέγεται, at the beginning of the sentence, in sharp contrast to γένοιτο, “ talked of? Why could anything be-really occur?"

γένοιτο γὰρ ἄν τι, the question is shaped in the same form as the expected answer in which the negative ovdév would appear. Cf. τί ἂν εἰπεῖν τις ἔχοι; Ol. iii. 29.

γάρ, see note on ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ οἶμαι, supr.

καταπολεμῶν. debellare superbos, Verg.

Isocrates

διοικών, " playing the master of the house." (Paneg. 120) uses this expression of the king of Persia. See also διῳκεῖτο Dem. f. l. 172 (156), Shilleto n. and inf. 12.

11 τέθνηκε Φίλιππος ; see Introduction 10. A dialogue of three. Athenian A. τέθν. Φιλ.; Athenian Β. οὐ μὰ Δι’Demosthenes, reproaching them both, τί δ' ὑμῖν διαφέρει ;

The author of the treatise repl vous attributed to Longinus says (c. 18) with reference to this passage ἦν δὲ ἁπλῶς ῥηθὲν τὸ πρᾶγμα τῷ παντὶ καταδεέστερον· νυνὶ δὲ τὸ ἔνθουν καὶ ὀξύρροπον τῆς πεύσεως καὶ ἀποκρίσεως, καὶ τὸ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ὡς πρὸς ἕτερον ἀνθυ· παντᾶν, οὐ μόνον ὑψηλότερον ἐποίησε τῷ σχηματισμῷ τὸ ῥηθὲν ἀλλὰ καὶ πιστότερον· ἄγει γὰρ τὰ παθητικὰ τότε μᾶλλον ὅταν αὐτὰ φαίνηται μὴ ἐπιτηδεύειν αὐτὸς ὁ λέγων ἀλλὰ γεννᾶν ὁ καιρός. This dramatic liveliness of question and answer, seems to the modern reader strange, and perhaps scarcely dignified. Cf. inf. 44.

καὶ γάρ—“ For, if anything should happen to this one, you would soon provide yourselves with another Philip, if you go on paying (as little) attention to the course of events as you do now (οὕτω).” Cf. Xen. Hell. vii. 1. 24, τάχα τούτους ἄλλους Λακεδαιμονίους εὑρήσετε. inf. 15 οὕτω μεγάλη.

ἂν οὗτος—ἄνπερ οὕτω—Μ. Τ. 119. 1.

παρὰ τὴν αὑ. ., “because of, in consequence of.” The transition from the ordinary sense of rapà seems to be in this way, near-at the same time as-because of. So here, "while, and so because, he was powerful, we were negligent." Cf. de Cor. 239, εἴπερ ἐνεδέχετο παρὰ τοὺς παρόντας χρόνους. propter. Eng. provincialism, along of."

66

Lat.

12 καίτοι καὶ τοῦτο. Ellipse of predicate. And more,”

εἴ τι πάθοιπ“if he should die.” Greek euphemism in speaking of events depending on superhuman power. Cf. filiam neptemque si quid his accidisset. Suet. August. 101.

τὰ τῆς τύχης, “ the dispensations of fortune.” τύχη is the general expression for the power which controls all events in human life which are beyond the calculation and influence of men. Classen, Thuc. Einleit. lix. The Neuter of the article (Tà TS T.) before a substantive in the genitive expresses ideas for which we use separate substantives. τὰ τοῦ πολέμου, “ the conduct of the war,” τὰ τῆς πόλεως, 66 the affairs, circumstances, etc. of the state."

ἥπερ βέλτιον—ἐπιμελούμεθα for ἐπιμελεῖται. Attraction of the predicate to the nearer subject, cf. Thuc. i. 82. For the thought cf. Eupolis fr. ὦ πόλις πόλις, ὡς εὐτυχὴς εἰ μᾶλλον ἢ Kaλws ppoveîs. Ar. Nub. 587, Aeschin. c. Ctes. 57, Dem. F. L.

256.

to' or "certainly (adverbial, like dλov öтt, "evidently ") if you were in the neighbourhood, you could step in amidst the general confusion and order matters as you pleased." Isocr. viii. 41, ἐξαίφνης ἐπιστὰς τοῖς γιγνομένοις. Supr. 10 διοικών.

SiSóvτov, "wished to give, offered you," Thuc. i. 85. 140. ἀπηρτημένοι. κεχωρισμένοι Schol., “ far from it, as you are with your preparations and even your thoughts." Cf. the opposite, εξηρτήμεθα τῶν ἐλπίδων, Isocr. viii. 7.

13-30 Second Part of the Speech, containing the special proposals of Demosthenes. To this §§ 13-15 serve as Transition, πpoolμov (exordium), and πpółeσis (propositio).

13 ὡς μὲν οὖν—ὡς ἐγνωκότων—παύομαι λέγων. Here Demosthenes sums up what he has said in an artistic period, in the form, a, a, A, which is impracticable in English. To keep deî in its emphatic position (which it would lose by the form, possible in English a, a, A) we must make us deî, which depends in the first instance on ὡς ἐγνωκότων, dependent on λέγων only, and so give the sentence the form a, b, A: "Now of the necessity for a firm determination on the part of all of you to do your duty readily, as you realise it, and are convinced of it, I will say no more.

ἐθέλοντας ὑπάρχειν, instead of ἐθέλειν (supr. 2 ὑπάρχειν το be there as a foundation, to begin with), to repeat more strongly the idea emphasized at the beginning of § 7. So additional force is given to Toleîv by the position of Toiμws at the end of the clause.

Tov Sè TρóπOV, cf. Ol. iii. 10. With the statement (póleσis) of the main point (ὁ τρόπος τῆς παρασκεύης) is combined a kind of dispositio, specific arrangement, something more than the Tágis of Ar. Rhet. iii. 13. Quintilian, iii. 9. 3, gives it the name partitio and defines it, ut orator promittat quid primo quid secundo quid tertio sit loco dicturus.