αἱ Χάρητος ὑποσχέσεις were proverbial, ἐπὶ τῶν προχείρως επαγYeλoμévwv Toλά, Zenob. ii. 13; although elsewhere Demosthenes takes the part of Chares. F. L. 332. ἀθ. ἀπομ. ξέν., “ wretched mercenaries without pay.” oi Sé," and people who "—. ὑπέρ. Cf. 2, 43. éket is wanting in Z, but the Scholiasts give evidence for it; it might easily fall out after ἐκεῖνος. pasíws, take with yevdóμevo, "lightly, recklessly," de Cor. 126. éveά8' wσiv=are here on the spot and always ready. As one of those who did not scruple to lie when addressing the people the Scholiast mentions Cephisodotus an enemy of Chares. Ar. Rhet. iii. 10. évláde, in Athens; but trustworthy information could be obtained only in the neighbourhood of the army. ἐξ ὧν ἂν ἀκούσητε, "on any hearsay at the time." 8 Tɩ äν Túxηte, "at random," whatever you may hit upon. τί καὶ χρὴ προσδοκῶν; The period ὅταν γὰρ—προσδοκᾶν has the structure a, b, c, A; the whole force of the three protases is gathered up by the short apodosis (§ 33 n.) in the question put in four sharply accented words: "what can one expect? χρή, “ can.” Cf. Lys. xxviii. 2, καίτοι πῶς αὐτοῖς χρὴ συγγνώμην ἔχειν ὅταν ὁρᾶτε. Thuc. i. 91. τί καί; καὶ following an interrogative particle gives special emphasis to the idea of interrogation-non solum quid sed etiam an aliquid expectandum sit quaerit. Cf. Herod. i. 11, réw kal Tрów; in what way, if it be possible in any way? See Abicht's note. § 41 nothing will be done, 45 nothing is done, 46 nothing can be done. 47 oтav vμeis-. This unwelcome invitation is cautiously introduced § 20, earnestly emphasized § 33, stormily repeated § 44, set in brighter colours § 45 Tò Tŵv Oewv, and here again maintained with terrible energy. ὅταν after πως stronger than ἐάν. στρατιώτας καὶ μάρτυρας, on the one hand “soldiers and therewith witnesses," on the other hand kal dikaσtás. τῶν στρατηγουμένων, § 25, ὑμᾶς τὰ ὑμέτερ' αὐτῶν, with emphasis as ὑμεῖς at the begin ning of the §, cf. 34. Parataxis of pronouns expressing ideas nearly related, cf. de Rhod. lib. 15. For greater emphasis also Demosthenes chooses the construction, accusative and infinitive. This is possible, because the two subjects may be distinguished, vueîs the whole people, vuâs the Athenians sent to the seat of war. Kρlveraι, generally with the simple genitive, here takes the preposition for the sake of "concinnitas" with ảywvioaolai, "is put on his trial for his life." 48 And now how do these citizens occupy themselves who sport thus with the lives of their generals? Their whole political activity moves in the circle which begins with repuóvTes (§ 10) and ends with περιερχόμεθα. Cf. ηὐξημένον—ηὐξήθη. Οι. ii. 6, 7, supr. 41 note. περιιόντες, as they lounge about." Aakedayμovíov. Dem. F. L. 76, Aeschin. F. L. 133. πολιτείας. The πολιτεία (“ constitution”) κατ' ἐξοχήν in the mouth of an Athenian is naturally the democratic. Ar. Pol. iv. 2, v. 6. διασπᾶν (dependent on φασί not on πράττειν) points to the breaking up of the Boeotian and Arcadian confederacies. Dem. pro Megalop. 30, Isocr. v. 91, Grote xi. 66. φάναι followed by ὡς, only here. πεπομφέναι would cause hiatus. Baouléa, the King of Persia, Artaxerxes III. Ochus, from whom the Athenians were expecting another Persian war and so had their attention diverted from their real enemy, Philip. Cf. Dem. de Symmor. 11, 41, de Rhod. lib. 6, 24. Introd. 6. 'INλuptoîs. The Illyrian and Paeonian chieftains in alliance with the Thracian Cersobleptes were subdued by Philip, supr. 4. He then probably erected fortresses in their territory. Introd. 6. οἱ δὲ λόγους. This οἱ δέ seems to be about to introduce some fresh political conjecture like the preceding oi μév and oi ôé: but Demosthenes breaks off (compare the last elra in § 37, the last s, F. L. 73, and the imitation of this passage in Lucian, Icarom. § 20, de imagin. 14, quomodo histor. conscr. 3) and concludes with the general statement λόγους πλάττοντες ἕκαστος, but startles the audience with περιερχόμεθα, not περιépxovraι, thus labelling the whole worthy assembly as political story tellers and gossip mongers, oi XoyoroloÛVTES, § 49. KaσTOS, partitive apposition, cf. 7. 49 μelvev. Cf. Hor. Od. i. 37. 12 fortuna dulci ebria (Cleopatra). Plat. Rep. viii. 562 d. πολλὰ ὀνειροπολεῖν. ὀνειροπολεῖ θ ̓ ἵππους, Ar. Nub. 16. T. éρnμíav Tŵv, "the lack of such as would "—solitudo magistratuum. Livy vi. 35. où μévTOL. "Yet I certainly do not (believe)." In OUTW προαιρεῖσθαι (intend) πράττειν ὥστε τοὺς ἀνοητοτάτους τῶν the sharp - is dominant as in the sarcastic τυφλὸς τά τ ̓ ὦτα τόν τε VOÛν тά T' bμμаr' el, Soph. O. T. 371. Cf. Electr. 264. 915. Aj. 687. T oi XOYOTTOLOÛVTES. Cf. 10. That is, according to the end of § 48, all the Athenians. λογοποιήσαντες πλασάμενοι λόγους ψευδείς. Hesych. 50 Demosthenes continues in the first person. ¿á, "Rather-." Taûra, "that idle gossip." èκevo, "this," referring to what follows. Cf. F. L. 68. eidwμev. M. T. 161. Sensible people remain within the sphere of that which they know (eldŵμev and eidévai commencing and closing thought 41 n.) and it is enough for us if we know a11 (ὅτι καὶκαὶκαὶκαὶ—καν) that has befallen us and lies before us. The length of the clauses increases with the increasing excitement. Tivd, "some one, as we expected, was to do for us." The Athenians hoped for something at one time from Philip, at another from Onomarchus, or Cersobleptes, or Charidemus, never from themselves. vπèρ njμwv kal' nμŵv. Antithesis, cf. Ol. iii. 12, supr. 5. 24, Ar. Rhet. iii. 9. εὕρηται, sc. πράξας, c. Aristog. 7, or πραχθέντα? F. L. 241. év juîv, "the future depends on ourselves." νῦν. Μ. Τ. 103. tows. Demosthenes does not repeat this "perhaps" in the Qlynthiacs. ἐσόμεθα ἐγνωκότες. Μ. Τ. 44. Note 3. φαῦλα, sc. ἔσται. 51 'Eya pèv ouv. A frequent form of transition to the epilogue in Lysias. It brings into prominence the orator's own conduct or personal conviction or an entreaty. OUTE-TE, neque-et, non solum non-sed etiam. Cf. Herod. vii. 8. 1. äν TEπ. ☎. “I have been (and still am) convinced." The perfect subjunctive in general relative-clauses indicates, more precisely than the aorist, the moment when the action of the apodosis begins. Goodwin takes eiλóun as almost a gnomic aorist. M. T. 131. The earlier speeches of Demosthenes were περὶ συμμοριῶν 354, ὑπὲρ Μεγαλοπολιτῶν and κατὰ ̓Αριστοκράτους 352. Introd. 11 ff. ÚTOσTELλáμevos. Lit. "furling sail," i. e. "shrinking from." See F. L. 390 (338) Shilleto n. πεπαρρησίασμαι. The reader who has reached this point will readily assent to this statement. Demosthenes has spoken with extraordinary freedom, and without anywhere introducing Prodiorthosis or apology. This he never omits in his later speeches, when he had acquired greater knowledge of the weakness of human nature. Bovλóμnv av, vellem. The ind. with a in the expression of a wish for something which is not possible or is not the case. συνοῖσον, sc. τὸ τὰ βέλτιστα εἰπεῖν, This apprehension on his own account Demosthenes expresses again, Ol. i. 16, iii. 32, never afterwards. E' dồnλois K.T.A. "in spite of the uncertainty of the consequences that will result to myself from-," πi-öμws, cf. Thuc. viii. 97. éπì c. dat. of the ground or basis on which one acts, etc. ἀπὸ τούτων and the following ταῦτα, “these proposals of mine." ἐπὶ τῷ πεπεῖσθαι. A form of ὑπερβατὸν (καθ ̓ ὑπέρθεσιν), the article being separated from its proper word. aipoûμat λέγειν ἐπὶ τῷ πεπ. (in the conviction that) ἂν πράξητε ταῦτα (the conditional clause subject to) συνοίσειν ὑμῖν. νικῴη, Μ. Τ. 174. ὅ τι μέλλει, Μ. Τ. 126. πᾶσιν, “ us all.” ouvolaev, for the fifth time in this section (Traductio Cic. de Or. iii. 206). The word is a fitting termination for a λóyos συμβουλευτικός, the object of which is the συμφέρον so strongly emphasized by Dem. in this paragraph. The last word is generally one of good omen. Cf. Ol. i. iii. de Chers. Phil. iii, de Cor. APPENDIX. THE ATHENIAN POPULAR ASSEMBLY, NEAR the northern gate of modern Athens the guide points out to strangers a great block of stone eleven feet square with a mutilated platform, which he calls Tò Bua1, said to be the world-famed orators' tribune on the old Pnyx, where in the time of Demosthenes the popular assembly was wont to meet. The seats of the audience surrounded it in the form of an amphitheatre, and they had before their eyes the hill of Mars ("Apelos rayos), and further on the sea covered with ships, and Salamis crowned with victory, while the orator looked out above his hearers towards the Acropolis with its splendid buildings. On his right was the council-chamber (ẞovλevrýρlov2), and, near it, more than one sacred temple. Four times in each of the ten Prytanies (periods of 35—36 days, in leap years of 38 or 39) the regular popular assembly met (èккλnola ¿ylyveto3), where the regularly recurring business was despatched. Extraordinary assemblies (èkêλŋolaι σúyêλŋтoi) on special occasions were announced by messengers sent throughout the country: the councillors serving in committee at the time (i. e. the Prytanes), and through their agency the generals, were competent to summon such meetings. The assembly consisted of rich manufacturers and merchants, well-to-do landowners, 1 It is now more generally maintained that this block of stone was an altar, and the semicircular area surrounding it a réμevos, of Zeus. See Philologus xix. 374, xx. 529 and 574; on the other side Dyer's Ancient Athens, p. 468 and Appendix. 2 Hegesippus de Halonn. 33. PseudoDem. Phil. iv. 53. |