The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting midgesP.D. Armitage, L.C. Pinder, Peter Cranston The dipteran family Chironomidae is the most widely distributed and frequently the most abundant group of insects in freshwater, with rep resentatives in both terrestrial and marine environments. A very wide range of gradients of temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, salinity, current velocity, depth, productivity, altitude and latitude have been exploited, by at least some chironomid species, and in grossly polluted environments chironomids may be the only insects present. The ability to exist in such a wide range of conditions has been achieved largely by behavioural and physiological adaptations with relatively slight morphological changes. It has been estimated that the number of species world-wide may be as high as 15000. This high species diversity has been attributed to the antiquity of the family, relatively low vagility leading to isolation, and evolutionary plasticity. In many aquatic ecosystems the number of chironomid species present may account for at least 50% of the total macroinvertebrate species recorded. This species richness, wide distribution and tolerance to adverse conditions has meant that the group is frequently recorded in ecological studies but taxonomic difficulties have in the past prevented non-specialist identification beyond family or subfamily level. Recent works, including genetic studies, have meant that the family is receiving much more attention globally. |
Contents
IV | 1 |
V | 2 |
VI | 3 |
VIII | 4 |
IX | 5 |
X | 11 |
XII | 12 |
XIV | 20 |
LXXIV | 199 |
LXXV | 206 |
LXXVI | 210 |
LXXVII | 219 |
LXXVIII | 225 |
LXXIX | 226 |
LXXX | 234 |
LXXXI | 251 |
XV | 24 |
XVI | 31 |
XIX | 33 |
XX | 35 |
XXI | 39 |
XXII | 43 |
XXIII | 44 |
XXIV | 50 |
XXV | 52 |
XXVI | 62 |
XXVIII | 63 |
XXIX | 68 |
XXX | 75 |
XXXI | 80 |
XXXII | 82 |
XXXIII | 87 |
XXXVI | 88 |
XXXVII | 91 |
XXXVIII | 96 |
XXXIX | 97 |
XL | 99 |
XLI | 102 |
XLII | 107 |
XLV | 115 |
XLVI | 121 |
XLVII | 126 |
XLIX | 129 |
L | 131 |
LI | 133 |
LII | 136 |
LIV | 137 |
LV | 141 |
LVI | 160 |
LVII | 162 |
LVIII | 165 |
LIX | 167 |
LX | 169 |
LXI | 170 |
LXII | 171 |
LXV | 182 |
LXVI | 183 |
LXVII | 185 |
LXVIII | 188 |
LXIX | 191 |
LXX | 193 |
LXXI | 194 |
LXXIII | 195 |
LXXXII | 269 |
LXXXIII | 270 |
LXXXIV | 278 |
LXXXV | 284 |
LXXXVI | 292 |
LXXXVII | 297 |
LXXXVIII | 308 |
LXXXIX | 320 |
XC | 329 |
XCI | 331 |
XCII | 339 |
XCIII | 340 |
XCIV | 342 |
XCV | 346 |
XCVI | 363 |
XCVII | 365 |
C | 371 |
CI | 376 |
CII | 378 |
CIII | 379 |
CIV | 382 |
CV | 383 |
CVI | 385 |
CVII | 391 |
CVIII | 394 |
CIX | 395 |
CX | 398 |
CXI | 403 |
CXII | 404 |
CXIII | 405 |
CXIV | 406 |
CXV | 413 |
CXVIII | 420 |
CXIX | 422 |
CXX | 423 |
CXXIII | 424 |
CXXIV | 431 |
CXXV | 434 |
CXXVI | 436 |
CXXVIII | 437 |
CXXIX | 442 |
CXXX | 444 |
CXXXI | 445 |
CXXXII | 446 |
448 | |
538 | |
Other editions - View all
The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting midges P.D. Armitage,L.C. Pinder,P.S. Cranston Limited preview - 2012 |
The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting midges P.D. Armitage,L.C. Pinder,Peter Cranston No preview available - 2011 |
The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting midges P.D. Armitage,L.C. Pinder,Peter Cranston No preview available - 2012 |
Common terms and phrases
abundance adult akamusi algae allergens allergy annual anthracinus Aphroteniinae aquatic insects Archiv für Hydrobiologie areas Armitage behaviour benthic biogeography biomass Brundin chirono chironomid chironomid communities chironomid fauna chironomid larvae chironomid midges chironomid species Chironomidae Diptera Chironomus Chironomus plumosus Chironomus riparius Clunio Corynoneura Cricotopus density detritus Diamesa Diamesinae diatoms Diptera distribution eclosion Ecology Edwards egg-masses eggs emergence Entomology environmental Epoicocladius Eukiefferiella eutrophic feeding female Figure fish fourth instar Freshwater Biology g dry wt genera Goetghebuer growth habitats Heterotrissocladius Hydrobiologie instars invertebrates Iwakuma Journal Kieffer Lake larvae Limnologie Lindegaard lotic macroinvertebrate McLachlan Meigen midges morphology Mosquito Mulla Nanocladius observed occur Orthocladiinae Orthocladius oxygen parasitic Paratanytarsus patterns phylogenetic Pinder Podonominae pollution Polypedilum ponds population predation prey Procladius production pupa pupal River Sæther sediments segments setae stream studies subfamily swarming Tabaru Tanypodinae Tanytarsini Tanytarsus taxa taxonomic temperature tergite Thienemann Thienemanniella thoracic horn Tokeshi tube Tvetenia voltinism
Popular passages
Page 533 - Gower. 1986. The acute toxicity of cadmium to different larval stages of Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae) and its ecological significance for pollution regulation. Oecologia 70:362-366.