plunders the individual, feeds at the expence of the unprotected farmer, or oppreffes thofe to whom he is not oppofed in arms.

This little manual contains the cleareft and the most ufcful rules for this kind of fervice; but it is not didactic only; the inftructions are enlivened by examples, where our author introduces the attempts of others as well as his own; nor does he avoid mentioning his own mistakes, when any advantage can be drawn from them. As it is impoffible to abridge rules, we shall extract a few fhort paffages, as fpecimens of colonel Emmerich's judgment and fpirit.

It is of the utmost confequence therefore to an army, that the perfon appointed to the command of a corps of light troops, fhould not only be an officer of approved good conduct, experience in fervice, and in whom the greatest confidence may fafely be repofed, as, from the nature of his command, it may fometimes be found neceffary, by the commander in chief, to entrust him with the paroles and counterfigns for feveral days together; tae difclofure of which might be attended with fatal confe quences to the whole army; but a partisan should also be a perfon of strong conftitution and active mind, and capable of undergoing the greatest fatigue of both. Great caution is likewife neceffary in the choice of the other officers of a light corps, who should be men of known fobriety, activity, fidelity, and hardy constitutions; fuch a corps being infinitely more expofed to laborious and difficult fervice, than any other troops whatever; more especially as they are never to be incumbered with tents; the fecurity of an army depending chiefly upon the vigilance of the partisan.'

The following paffage, for its fingular propriety, we shall alfo felect:

'Men who are brave and zealous in their profeffion can effect, what to others would appear impoflible, particularly if they are fo lucky as to have a commander in chief, who is beloved by the army, and knows how to cherish and reward efforts of dif tinction and merit.

A partifan muft not, on fuch expeditions, feek occafions of attacking or engaging with the enemy, but on the contrary, avoid them as much as he can; for it is not in his power to take any proper care of the wounded, on the stations which he must in general chufe, much lefs to convey them to the army; befides, that they are entirely foreign to the fervice required of him, which is not to operate with ftrength, but addrefs in war. If a courier, however, paffes his poft, under an efcort of the enemy's army, whom he cannot take without an attack, he must then, as a foldier, riik every thing, in the execution of his duty; but to expofe men, because they are brave and volunseers in the fervice, rafhly and wantonly, for plunder, or idle

fame,

fame, is difgraceful to an officer, and proves him unfit for his command.'

In our late war, however unfortunate the event, the partifan was of great fervice, and to col. Emmerich's detail of fome few incidents, more might, we know, be eafily added. The duty of the partifan officer was eafy, from the fimilarity of language, and the uniform of light troops, which, for the fake of concealment in woods, is always neceffarily green; and there is, we believe, more than one inftance on record, where our troops arriving at a rebel magazine, or ftore, was not only mistaken for continental yagers, but were actually permitted to relieve the guard. The confequences were obvious; they were not allowed to mount guard again. On the whole, the history of a partifan war would be very interefting and entertaining. We fhall conclude our article with one other extract, which is a kind of recapitulation of fome of colonel Emmerich's various expeditions.

The foregoing are a few of a great number of fimilar expe-. ditions on which I was ordered, but forbear to detail, prefuming that thofe I have mentioned, will be fathient to give a pro. per idea of the nature of the fervice, upon which an officer, who acts in the fame capas ty, may be employed, and probably help him to acquit hinfef, in fimilar fituations, with merit; particularly as it is not courage only, wh ch is neceffary, but a genius, fruitful in expedients and refources, addrefs, perfeverance, and precaution, moft contribute to form a partisan. Experience alone, however, can render fervice eafy. I found it very practicable to flip through the enemy's army, on the Lower Rhine, remain at any diflance I found neceffary in their rear, for three, four, and fonetimes fix weeks; traverse the country, make prifoners, deftroy convoys and magazines of provifions, intercept couriers, and at laft get round the flankş of the enemy, through Franconia, and join the allied army, after having happily accomplished every object of the fervice entrufted to me, without incurring any cenfure or reproaches on my conduct from the enemy. This fort of expedition I repeated eleven times in the space of two campaigns, from the beginning of the year 176, until the peace in 1762.'

Remarks on the Internal Evidence of the Chriftian Religion. By Gilbert Wakefield, B. A. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Deighton. EVERY attempt to vindicate the religion of Christ, in an

age of fcepticifm and infidelity, demands our regard, efpecially when thefe arguments are taken from fo unexceptionable a fource as the Internal Evidence. Mr. Wakefield's Remarks are unconnected and mifcellaneous. Among them we perceive fome that are ingenious, and many that are

new.

new. Novelty, however, did not fo often meet our eye as we expected from the author's preface; and there are a few weak remarks which the Deift, if Deifts were eager to make profelytes, might convert to their own advantage. In almoft every page alfo we find comparifons, contrafts, and illuftrations drawn from the profane authors of antiquity; but, in this part of the work, the allufions are often fo diftant, that these quotations rather illuftrate the author's character as a fcholar than the Chriftian system. We think too, in comparing the morality of antiquity with that of the Gospel, Mr. Wakefield has not acted fairly. He might have feen, in a late courfe of the Bampton Lectures, that the preacher, eager to raise the divinity of Christ, improperly leffens our estimation of the morality of the New Teftament, and points out feveral coincidences in the dictates of ancient authors, with fome of the purely benevolent and moral precepts of Chrift. In this comparifon too the ancient prayer, which comes so near to the spirit of one paffage of the Lord's Prayer, not our will, but thine be done,' might have been mentioned. Perhaps a free translation may be more generally acceptable than the original.Give us, O Jupiter! thofe things which are beneficial to us, though we should neglect to ask them; and turn from us what would be injurious, even if we fhould be fo blind and prefumptuous as to requeft it.' We hazard these reflections with lefs apprehenfion, fince we have more than once had occafion to make and to enforce the obfervation; that whatever occafional traces of piety, benevolence, and morality may occur in the heathen writers, they are neither so clear, fo pointed, fo full, fo confiftent, or illuftrated by fuch an admirable practical comment, as the religion of Christ. When we contemplate this pure, this extenfively applicable fyftem, we must exclaim with the centurion, Surely this man is of God.'

It is neceffary, in our progrefs, to perform an act of justice which escaped us at the time of writing our account of the Differtation on the Meffage of John the Baptift, noticed in our LXVIth volume, p. 216. The interpretation is the fame with that of Mr. Wakefield published fome years fince, in his Commentary on St. Matthew. Though we fufpected at the time that it was not new, we were unable to recollect where we had seen it.

Of the different remarks we can give no very particular account; but fhall felect one or two, and point out a few of thofe which feem to us ingenious. The following paffage is part of the remark on our Saviour's conduct to the woman taken in adultery.

• Yet

• Yet our Lord gave no fanction to adultery. The woman's guilt is clearly acknowledged, when leave is given to the inno cent to put the law into execution against her. The inability of her adverfaries to accept this condition does not prove, or imply her innocence in the judgment of our Saviour. The infidel can make out no juft exception to his character upon this ground. Indeed, he exprefly tells the woman to go and fin no more.

'But our antagonist will object; "he does not condemn her"-Neither do I condemn thee: And this," he will add, "amounts at least to an unpardonable connivance at her tranfgreffion." To this it may be replied in the first place, that he came not, according to his own declaration, into the world to condemn the world, and to execute the office of a judge: (and it is but reasonable to try him by his own principles; in which no inconfiftency can be found.)-And in the next place, any exercife of judicial authority would have given a direct contradiction to that deference and fubordination, which he conftantly fhewed, and inculcated, to the power of the civil magiftrate.'

The remarks on felf-commendation, occafioned by our Lord's faying, I am meek and lowly in heart,' as well as fome other of his difcourfes, are interefting and juft. The arguments to prove that Judas died of a dyfentery, are laboured, erudite, and ingenious, rather than convincing. The arguments in favour of the fimple, unadorned, and natural language of the apoftles have great force, and thofe on the diftinguished excellency of St. John's Gospel are important. We fhall conclude our article with Mr. Wakefield's peculiar interpretation of a paffage in this evangelift's Epiftles; premifing only, that it is connected with the event of the centurion piercing our Lord's fide, out of which came blood and water; an appearance fuppofed by many commentators to bę owing to the fpear having penetrated the pericardium.

.

And there are three, which bear witness on the earth; the Breath, and the Water, and the Blood: and the end of these three

is one.

The circumstance, which is proved by thefe three things in conjunction-the Breath-the Water-and the Blood-is the death of Chrift. Our evangelift had faid, that Jefus gave up his Breath. But we all know, that life is recoverable in many inftances after refpiration ceafes. The Breath alone, therefore, would not bear cffc&tual witness. But the concurrence of the Water and the Blood makes the testimony quite complete, and constitutes an undeniable demonstration of the ceffation of ex, iftence.'

The

The Spiritual Body. Being an humble Attempt to remove the Charge of Abfurdity from the Doctrine of the Refurrection, and thereby render it more the Object of a rational Faith; and a lefs Subject of Sneer to the Sceptics. 8vo. 15. Buckland.

IN

N a late Number of our Journal we gave some account of a Difcourfe on the Refurrection, which was defigned to difprove the opinion, that the body which died rofe again. Our present author, in his great object, concurs with Philalethes, but differs in the means employed to attain it. He confiders the spirit, or the foul, for they feem in his opinion fynonymous, to be interwoven with the body, and in reality to be its effence. Matter, he thinks, receives its fymmetry, its beauty, and its organization from the fpirit conjoined to it; fo that, though the material fubftance decay, the effential parts remain, without any change in appearance. If, for inftance, a body received light from the fun, and this light remained after the body was removed into a dark room, the form, the appearance, and even the varied fhades would remain; and we fhould fee the body, though with respect to our fight the corporeal parts might be fuppofed no longer to exist. We fee light only in the different varieties with which it was received. This is the cafe with phosphorescent bodies, and comes nearer to our author's idea than any other which occurs to us. That the body, however, confifts only of animated particles of matter will probably not at once be admitted by phyfiologifts; and divines will contend for a distinct principle, which, independent of the animation of the body, thinks, reasons, and judges; and in the end is accountable for the actions done in the body. To bring the fubjec within the reach of our comprehenfion, both these views feem to have been neglected; and it will require fome farther attention to combine them with this fyftem: but it will not be a very difficult task.

As our author confiders the foul to be incorporated with the body in its minutest parts, and confequently to be able to affume the appearance of the body, he must fuppofe the doctrine of apparitions not to be very incredible. He does not risk so much as to contend that they are now to be seen; but, on fecurer grounds, thinks the impoffibility of the fact cannot be proved; and as it is not inconfiftent with reason, fo it is fupported by various teftimonies, and by many parts of Scripture. Thefe bodies are fuppofed to rife from the state of reft and tranquillity, which fome have ftyled the fleep of the foul, previous to the day of judgment; though, in a fubfequent part, the author, a little inconfiftently, feems to op

pofe