-TUρ-, -TUρO-, is found in μáp-тup- (gen. μáρтupos witness), § 97. μáp-τUρo-, √ originally smar (remember).

-τειρα

The feminines in -Tpia are distinguished from those in -Teipa only by the loss of the a of the suffix original -tar-; from -tar-ya came -trya, i.e. -tria, e.g. πоin-тρia, verbal-stem πoin(make). The secondary formation by suffix -ya- is generally very common here, as e.g. from stem Ta-Tép- is formed a stem πά-τρ-ιο- (paternal), fem. πα-τρ-ιά (origin, race); σωτήρ-ιο(saving), stem ow-Typ-; these secondary formations intruded into the fem. and supplanted the original stem in -tar- with few exceptions.

The feminines in -Tρíd- (n. sg. -тpís) are either late-formations peculiar to the Greek, formed by means of a later suffix -¿d-, or (cf. G. Curtius Gk. Etym.3 p. 583 sqq.) -тpıd- is merely a phonetic variation from *rpy-, so that here a suffix -tri- would have to be presupposed, e.g. avλn-тpid- (flute-player, fem.), verbal-stem avîŋ-; πa-тρíd- (fatherland) from stem πa-тéρ-,

etc.

The suffix origl. -tra- appears as -Tрo-, -Opo- (neut.), -Tρa, -Opa (fem.); the aspiration is probably caused by the r, e.g. Víπ-τρо- (neut. washing-water) for *vß-тро-, √vß, original nig (retained in vĺw, wash,=*viy-yw, § 63, 1); άpо-тρо- (neut. plough), from verbal-stem åpo- (plough, in åpó-w, ȧpó-σw, ȧpó-σai), γάρ. In ia-Tpó- (masc. healer), verbal-stem ia- (iáoμaι heal); Sai-Tpó- (masc. carver), cf. daí-oμaι (divide), nomina agentis are formed in -тро- (cf. -Tоро- above). Further ßá-0po- (ntr. base, step), √ẞa, original ga (go); ¿ń-τρа (fem. agreement), ν ρε; μάκτρα (kneading-trough), ν μακ (knead, μάσσω = *μακψω, generally softened into μαγ); φρά-τρα, Ιon. φρήτρη (clan), √opa=ḍep, origl. bhra, bhar, cf. Opâ-Top-=origl. bhrā-tar-; кoιμń-Oрa (sleeping-place), verbal-stem koiμa- (koiμáw put to rest), etc. The suffixes -τλο-, -θλο-, fem. -τλη-, θλη-, e.g. xú-Tλo- (neut. liquor, fluid), √xv (pour); lúσ-Oλo- (neut. implement for Bacchus-worship), vou, the σ appears in other

§ 97. formations also from this root; éxé-rλn (plough-tail), verbalstem exe- (cf. exe-Te), vex (have, hold); yevé-0λn (birth), stem yeve- (cf. yéve-ois, yevé-odai, etc.), vyev, must be treated as parallel forms of the above.

Latin. Words expressing kinship have suffix -ter-, whose e is lost in almost all cases; the nomina agentis in -tor-, with step-formation of original -tar-, like Greek -Tηp-; for the periphrasis of the future is used the suffix -tūro- from *-tōro-, f.f. -tāra-, raised from original -tar- and + suffix -a-, as in suffix -tro-, f.f. -tra-, likewise frequently used. The suffix *-tūrooccurs as fem. -tūra in forming nomina actionis as well. The fem. -tric is a further formation by means of -c-, and perhaps presupposes tria-; a similar further formation is found in -tri-no-, -tri-na-; cf. with -tr-i-c- such formations as -i-uo-, -i-no-.

1. Words of kinship, e.g. pa-ter, mā-ter, frā-ter (but sorōrfrom *sosōr-, and this from *sos-tōr-, *svas-tār-, as in Sk. svá-sar-, acc. svá-sār-am); 2. nomina agentis, e.g. uic-tōr-, √uic (uinco, uic-tus); censōr- for *cens-tōr-, √cens (censeo); sponsōr- for *spond-tōr- (§ 77, b), √spond (spondeo); balnea-tōr-, verbalstem *balnea, which is not used, however; moni-tōr-, √moni-tus (monere); da-tōr-, √da, etc.

Suffix -tāra-, forming fut. part., e.g. da-turo-, da; uic-tūro-, Vuic, etc.; as a fem., forming nomina actionis, e.g. sepul-tūra-, cf. sepul-tus (sepelio bury); ūsūra (use, interest) for *ūt-tūra (§ 77, 1, b), cf. ūt-or (use); censūra for *cens-tūra, √cens, etc.

Suffix -tro- (cf. Corssen, Krit. Beitr. 366 sqq.), e.g. in rōs-tro(rostrum beak) for *rōd-tro- (§ 77, 2), √rōd (rōdo gnaw); claus-tro- (lock, barrier) for *claud-tro- (§ 77, 2), vclaud (claudo shut); arā-tro- (plough), verbal-stem arā- (plough), √ar, etc.; this suffix seldom appears as fem., as in fulgē-tra- (Plin.=fulgor brightness), verbal-stem fulge- (shine, gleam).

Further formations of this suffix original -tar-. 1. Through -ya-, esp. -trio- and -tōrio, e.g. in pa-tr-io- from pa-ter; audi-tōr-io- from audī-tōr-; lēgā-tōr-io- from lēgā-tōr-; uic-tōr-ia

from uic-tōr-, etc. 2. Through -ic-, e.g. uic-tr-ic- from uic-tōr-, § 97. or rather from an older unraised form of the suffix original -tar-, which lost its vowel before -ic-; impera-tr-ic- from imperă-tōr-; ex-pul-tr-ic- likewise from an unused *ex-pultōr- ; pis-tr-ic- from pis-tōr-, √pis (pinso, pistus), etc. 3. Through -īna, e.g. pis-tr-īno- (pistrinum), pis-tr-īna from pis-tōr-, √pis; doc-tr-ina from doc-tōr-, doc, etc.

Note.-In some cases at least Lat. -bro- appears to be=Gk. -Opo- (medial b corresponds of course by rule to Gk. 0; cf. § 77, 1, c), which, as we saw, arose from -Tрo-, -tra- (cf. Leo Meyer, Vergl. gr. der griech. u. lat. Sprache, ii. 235, 241; Ebel, zeitschr. xiv. 77 sqq.; Kuhn, ib. p. 215 sqq.). If this assumption is well founded, this -bro-=f.f. -tra- has become mixed in Lat. with -bro- = f.f. -bhra- (√bhar bear; cf. supr. § 89, n. 2), precisely as in Lat. the root original dha has become confounded with root original da (§ 73, 2). As examples of Lat. -bro-=-trawe adduce cri-bro- (cribrum sieve), vkri (cf. xpí-vw, кρí-σi-s)= O.H.G. hri-tara, M.H.G. rei-țer, f.f. therefore krai-tra-; tere-bra (fem. borer), cf. Téρe-Tρo-v (id.); palpe-bra (eyelid) bes. earlier and more vulgar palpe-tra, as in Gk. pépe-Opo-v bes. pépe-тρо-v; tene-brae (darkness) for *tenes-brae, *temes-brae (§ 77, 1, a), *temes-Orae, =Sk. támis-rá (dark) for *tamis-trā=O.H.G. dins-tar, M.H.G. dims-ter, dins-ter (Kuhn, Zeitschr. xv. 238), f.f. tams-tra- from tamas-tra-. The mainstay of these explanations lies in consobrino- (consobrinus cousin on mother's side), which is explained as from *sosbrino-, *sos@rino-, *so-str-ino-, from stem *so-stororiginal sva-star- (sister). So that in consobrinus the t of svastar- would be retained, which is lost in soror=*sosor. Corss. (Krit. Nachtr. 186 sqq.), however, does not allow Lat. -bro-= -tro-; he explains -sobrino- from *-sor-brī-no- (§ 77, 1, a), and this from soror-bri-no- (§ 77, 2). This view is supported by the Keltic, cf. siur, which points to an Italo-Keltic form *svasarwithout t. This difficult question has been handled at length by Ascoli, Studj. crit. ii. p. 33 sqq.; he pronounces in favour of Lat. -bro-=original -tra-. Cf. § 89, Lat. n.

XVI. Stems with suffix -ti-.

§ 98.

The suffix -ti- is often used to form verbal-substantives, which serve in several languages (Sanskrit, Zend, Sclavonian, Lithuanian) as infinitives and gerundives in certain cases.

The

§ 9S. suffix -ti- has besides—like suffix -a--the function of forming nomina agentis, but is more rarely so employed. The suffix is at home in all Indo-European languages, and was therefore already in existence in the original-language. It occurs also as a secondary suffix, cf. tā-ti- (§ 90), tū-ti- (§ 99) and the numeral (§ 109 sqq.).

Indo-European original-language. From each verbalstem might perhaps have been formed a nomen in -ti-, e.g. ma-ti- (thought), ma; bhu-ti- (pú-oi-s), √bhu (become, be); kak-ti- (coc-ti-o), √kak (cook); mar-ti- (death), √mar (die), etc. In the function of a nomen agentis a certain example in the original-language is found in pa-ti- (lord), √pa (protect).

1. Nomina actionis feminina, e.g. má-ti- (meaning, thought), √ma (man think); sthi-ti- (stand), √stha (stand); çrú-ti(hearing), √çru; bhú-ti- (being), √bhu (be); pák-ti- (coctio), √pak (cook); úk-ti- (speech), √vak (speak); yúk-ti- (iunctio), √yug (join), etc.

Infinitive functions are found in the dative of these nomina actionis in -ti-, thus yúk-tayē, etc.

2. Nomina agentis, e.g. pá-ti- (masc. lord), √pa (protect); ģná-ti- (masc. kinsman), ✔ýna from ģan (gignere).

A shortening of this -ti- (cf. suffix -tā-t-=-tā-ti- § 96) is found in suffix -t-, which occurs especially in those roots which terminate in a short vowel, e.g. mahī-kši-t- (ruling the land), √kši (rule); sarva-ģi-t- (conquering all), vģi (conquer); likewise sru-t- (flowing), √sru; -kr-t- (making, fashioning), √kar (make), etc.

In gerundive use we find a shortened instrumental from nomina actionis in -ti-, i.e. -ty-a (from -ty-ā, v. post. Declension), which originally had probably a wider employment, but is confined in the actual state of the language to roots in i, u, and ar, and is moreover only used where prepositions have become welded on before them, e.g. sã-çrú-tya, vçru (hear);

vi-ģi-tya, √ģi (conquer). If the root end in other sounds, the § 98. t of suffix -ti- is lost, so that -ya only remains; the cause of this loss may possibly be seen in the frequent position of t after consonants, and the weakened termination of the word due to the prefixed, originally adverbial, elements (the prepositions). A similar unusual loss of consonants in the case of person-terminations (v. post. in loco). E.g. a-dá-ya from ā-da (take), √da (give); ni-viç-ya from ni-viç (settle down), √viç (go in), etc. Stems in -aya- lose this first a of the suffix, e.g. pra-bōdh-ya from stem pra-bōdhaya- (awaken, remind). Details of this formation would be out of place here.

In the earlier language this formation of the gerundive occurs also in case of uncompounded verbal-stems; on the other hand there are traces of the more complete -tya-, even after consonantal root-terminations (cf. post. -tva used with uncompounded verbal-stems).

Perhaps -tya-, fem. -tyä, is a further formation of the suffix -ti-, e.g. in kr-tyá (deed, doing), √kar (make); i-tyá (going), √i (go); ģi-tyá (gain, victory), ✔ģi (conquer); ha-tyá (slaying), √ha, han (kill), etc.

Greek. The suffix -T-, regularly -o- (§ 68, 1, c), which has arisen from the earlier -T- (preserved in Dôric), is frequently used, and forms nomina actionis fem. from verbalstems, e.g. μñ-tɩ- (wile), √ma (think); þá-τɩ- (speech, report), √pa (say), beside pá-o- (speech, saying); þú-oi- (nature), √ov (be, grow); πé↓ɩ-, i.e. *TEπ-σ- from earlier *πеπ-T(coctio), √πEπ (cook); Çeûğı-, i.e. *Levy-σ- (joining), √【vy (join); yvw-σ- (knowing), √yvo, etc.

Nomen agentis, e.g. Tó-σ- (lord)=Sk. and original pá-ti-, √pa; μáv-тɩ- (seer), √man (think).

τ only has remained in wμo-ßpŵ-T- (raw-eating), √Bpo, Bop (Bi-ẞpw-σkw eat, Bop-á food), and perhaps in a few others.

-ola fem. is a further formation through combination of a with -o--T-, e.g. Ov-oía (sacrifice), vou (sacrifice); Soxμa-ola