NOTES.

BOOK I.

CH. 1.-1. omnis, i.e., 'in its widest sense'; including the whole land between the Rhine, Alps, and Pyrenees, with the exception of the province,' which had been subdued B. C. 121. The order of the words is expressive: 'Gaul is, if you take it in its entirety, divided,' etc. Cp. vi. 16. 1, natio est omnis Gallorum...dedita religionibus, with 12. 4, omnis civitas Helvetia divisa est. aliam alteram, an usage rare before Livy, common after him. Cic. Brut. 95, genera Asiaticae dictionis duo sunt; unum,...aliud. De Divinatione i. 54. 123, alia via (where only two ways are in question); aliis=caeteris, 41. 4. Galli, so Gallia in § 6-merely Keltic Gaul; cp. 30. 1, 31. 3; ii. 1. 2, 3. 1, etc.

2. Matrona et Sequana: the division is a rough one, leaving nearly 200 Roman miles of frontier unaccounted for.

That

3. cultu, 6 'manner of life,' a neutral word more closely defined by the preciser 'refinement,' 'civilization.' cultus had not this meaning is shown by viii. 25. 2, cultu et feritate non multum a Germanis differebat. provinciae, concisely used its inhabitants. longissime absunt, to be taken literally. This civilization the Province owed largely to the Greek traders of Massilia (Marseilles) and the coasts round the mouth of the Rhone. This town' after the fall of Carthage was the largest centre for the trade and manufactures of the west,' Kiepert, § 255. pertinent, tend,' Bell. C. i. 9. 1, ad levandas iniurias pertinere videbantur. incolunt, ‘dwell,' intr., as 5. 4, 54. 1, etc. qui introduces an adj. clause: Trans-rhenanis, qualifying Germanis: it not being co-ordinate with quibuscum, no connecting particle is needed.

4. cum, 'that is to say, when.' cotidianis proeliis, mere border frays, so that minus facile bellum inferre possent, 2. 4, is no contradiction.

5. eorum, concisely=terrae quam incolunt ei (i.e., Gauls in the widest sense). quam...dictum est, 16. 2 n. continetur,

'is bounded.' ab, 'on the side of,' 23. 3, a novissimo agmine,

on the rear'; a latere, 'in flank'; a fronte, a dextro (sinistro) cornu, Roby, § 1813.

6. oriri in this local sense is rare, vi. 25. 2; Sall. Jug. 48, 3, collis oriebatur.

7. spectat, etc., 'has a north-east aspect,' C. regarding the whole country from the standpoint of the province. partem, the south-east corner of the Bay of Biscay.

eam

2.-1. M. Messala...cons., A.U. 693, B.C. 61. C. was then praetor in Spain. et in this connection is rare, cp. 6. 4, 35. 4; iv. 1. 1; v. 1. 1. ut exirent, really a final clause; 15. 1, qui videant; 17. 2, ne conferant. cum omnibus copiis, Tavoŋuel, with all their belongings.

2. esse, 'he said it was easy,' etc. praestarent, impf., it being regarded from C.'s (not the speaker's) point of view.

contin

3. hoc, ablative of measure with a comparative. entur, are confined' [contrast 1. 5] on all sides by the character of their country.' flumen Rheno, qui: in C. the relative usually agrees with the appellative, not with the proper name, so 12. 1: flumen Arar quod; cp. ii. 5. 4, 9. 3.

4. qua ex parte, 'from which side,' i.e., 'in which respect': so omni ex parte, 'in every respect,' literally, from every point of view.'

5. angustos with pro [= 'considering,' 51. 1]= 'too narrow'; so longum esse, vi. 8. 1. Thuc. 1. 50, öxiyai àμúvelv, 'too few to aid qui patebant: in fact they did but extend;' the indicative shows that it is a parenthetic remark of C. millia passuum: the Roman mile=1000 double paces (each of these being 5 Roman feet, and a Roman foot being 11.6496 English inches), i.e., 1,618 yards, or about 1 of an English mile. The word passuum can be omitted. The measurements nearly coincide with those from Fort de l'Ecluse to Bregenz, or to the junction of the Aar and Rhine.

3.-2. lege, 'by a special enactment.' The deliberate nature of the whole proceeding in a savage people is noteworthy.

3. ad res conf. This repetition is a common trait of C.'s style.

4. regnum, 'absolute power.' There was no hereditary kingship in Gaul, but at times individuals, by reason of birth, wealth or personal influence, gained almost unlimited power in their several states. This principatus (those who had it

were principes) was distinct from such offices as the vergobretus (16. 5), and is distinguished from regnum, vii. 4. 1, and from magistratus, 17. 1: cp. 16. 5, 19. 3, 30. 1; v. 6. 4; vii. 32. 2. amicus, a title granted to foreign princes, to reward services done, or to secure a wavering ally; granted only by the senate, hence s. populi R., not as usually s. p. q. R.; cp. Sall. Cat. 34. 1. occuparet, conaretur (in § 5): as a rule the pres. subj. follows the historic present. But when (1) the subordinate clause precedes the principal, (2) between the chief and subordinate clauses another clause with an impf. or plpf. inserted,—the impf. takes its place; in this case a second clause often goes on with the present, v. 48. 4; vii. 86. 2. 6. factu, superfluous in English: cp. vii. 64. 2, Cic. de Nat. D. iii. 1. 1, difficile factu est me id sentire. Galliae G. populorum. copiis combines the ideas of means' and ' 'power,' vi. 15. 2.

8. adducti applies only to C. and Dumnorix, but inter ...dant to Orgetorix also. regno occupato a conditional clause. firmus of physical strength, v. 54. 3; Cic. ad Fam. XV. 4. 3, evocatorum firma manus. potiri here only in C. takes genitive, which is common in Sall., e.g. Cat. 47. 2, urbis potiri; both constructions occur at Jug. 74. 3, armorum aliquanto numero, hostium paucorum potiti [see also Crit. App.]. posse, having no future inf., stands in the pres. after verbs of promising, hoping,' etc.

4.-1. moribus suis, cp. ea lege, 'on those terms.' ex, 'in,' cp. ex equo, 43. 3. damnatum, if condemned,' which in fact he was not. Construe oportebat poenam s. d. 53. 7; vi. 16. 4; vii. 4. 10.

ut i. c.

2. familiam-famulos, household.' ad, 'to the number of,' Xen. Anab. i. 1. 10. eis dioxiλíovs: see ii. 33. 5 n. clientes [clu-iens, kλów], not like the client at Rome; cp. vi. 13. 2; vii. 40. 7; also iii. 22. 1. ne diceret, to avoid pleading,' final clause. Cic. p. Sestio, 8. 18, ab iis se ereptum ne de ambitu causam diceret praedicabat. The defiance which Orgetorix thus set to the law was no doubt a frequent occurrence.

3. It was while these steps were being taken that Orgetorix died. incitata, 'enraged,' iv. 14. 3; vii. 28. 4. quin follows negative sentences with verbs of 'hindering,' 'doubting,' and the like. So vii. 44. 4, nec aliter sentire...quin; Cic. p. Flacco 27. 64, quis ignorat quin tria genera sint? (where the interrog. supplies the negative idea). Roby, § 1768.

5.-1. There was clearly a general feeling as to the necessity of emigration, although Orgetorix, for his own selfish

reasons, may have been the first to give expression thereto. In fact, the tide of emigration from the north was pressing on them. ut exeant, an explanatory clause is often thus added, as at 13. 2, ut fl. transirent; and the inf. is so used 7. 1; cp. v. 4. 4; vi. 14. 4, 15. 1.

2. oppida, 'strongholds'; reliqua p. a. r. aedificia quae privata erant, 'isolated buildings.'

3. praeterquam, 'except,' once again in C. vii. 77. 6. domum reditio, the verbal substantive takes the same case as redire; Cic. de Divin. i. 32. 68: reditum ac domum itionem; de Legg. i. 15. 42; obtemperatio legibus. molita = äλpıra, from molĕre. mensum, an older form (and the usual one in Cic. Livy, and Ovid) than mensium; the original stem was probably mens-. C. often puts the time for which anything is estimated to last in the genitive, vii. 71. 4; Bell. C. i. 78. 1: dierum xxii frumentum; Liv. ix. 37. 4: cibaria eius diei.

4. iis, as referring to the subject of the principal verb persuadent, ought to be se; cp. 6. 3, 14. 3, 37. 2; ii. 1. 2; vii. 1. 6.

6.-1. itinera...itineribus, cp. § 4, diem...die; 40. 1: consilio...consilium. The repetition for the sake of clearness is common in C. and Cicero's speeches, perhaps coming from the language of legal documents. quibus = 'of such a nature that,' hence the subj. possent. angustum, the narrowest point is at the Fort de l'Ecluse, about 13 miles from Geneva (Peskett). vix qua, so placed to give vix emphasis; cp. 25. 4, multi ut; 43. 3, ex equis ut; Cic. de Prov. Cons. 3. 5, vix ut se possit diuturna pace recreare.

2. nuper, two years before, by the praetor C. Pomptinus, Intr., p. xi. pacati='subdued,' a favourite euphemism with Roman writers; Cic. de Prov. Cons. 13. 32 (of this very conquest), C. Pomptinus...proeliis fregit eosque domuit. Florus iv. 2, Caesar in Gallia pacem fecit. transitur transeundus est: Cic. ad Fam. ix. 16. 2, non facile diiudicatur amor verus et fictus. vado, ablative instr., practically an adverb, and so when thus used always singular, vii. 35. 1, 55. 10.

3. coacturos: supply eos from Allobrogibus; cp. v. 17. 3; vii. 81. 3. viderentur, sc. esse. eos, instead of the normal se, to prevent obscurity, 5. 4 n.; in such cases ipse is more common. dies, as a rule, feminine of a stated time, masculine of a natural day. a. d. v kal. Apr. March 28th of the unreformed, April 16th of the Julian calendar. The precise marking of the date shows that it was in C.'s eyes a kind of landmark. For the absence of connecting particles, see 2. 1 n.