storm of persecution arose, that scat- or forged till the 5th century, when tered the other preachers, but the impostors were become impudent apostles abode at Jerusalem. When enough, and the people as creduthey had continued in Judea about lous. eighteen years, the eleven, for James Vast numbers of false and pretendthe brother of John was murdered ed apostles very early pestered the by Herod, constituted part of a so-churches, particularly those of Syria, lemn synod, where it was enacted, Galatia, Corinth, Colosse, &c. Acts That no observance of the Mosaic xv. Gal. i. 7—9. 2 Cor. x. and xi. ' ceremonies ought to be imposed on Col. ii. 'the Christian converts; but that they APOSTLESHIP, the office of an should abstain from meats offered apostle. To constitute this, it was 'to idols, and from things strangled, necessary to have seen the Lord; to ' and blood,' John xxi. Matt. xxviii. have a commission and right to go Mark xvi. Acts i. to viii. and xv. every where, and found and gather Not long after, it seems, the apostles churches; to be possessed of an indispersed themselves into other coun- fallibility in doctrine; and a power tries, taking their courses, as it is said, to speak with tongues never learnby lot: Peter into Pontus, Galatia, ed; work miracles; and confer the and places adjacent; Andrew into Holy Ghost by laying on of hands, Scythia and Sogdiana; John into 1 Cor. ix. 1, 2. 2 Cor. xii. 2. Lesser Asia; Philip into Armenia, APOTHECARY, one who com Media, and Colchis; Bartholomew pounds, or prepares drugs or perinto Arabia Felix: Matthew into fumes, Eccl. x. 1. Exod. xxx. 25, 35. Chaldea, Persia, and Parthia; Tho- APPAREL, (1.) Clothing, GARmas into Hyrcania, Bactria, and In-MENTS, Isa. iii. 22. (2.) Appeardia; Jude into Syria and Mesopota-ance, Isa. lxiii. 1.

mia; Simon the Canaanite into Eygpt, APPAREL, as mentioned in scrip Cyrene, Libya, and Mauritania; Mat- ture, may be considered, (1.) In thias into Cappadocia and Colchis; respect of persons; as man's, Deut. James the brother of Jude remained xxi. 5. woman's, ibid; virgin's, in Judea. Meanwhile Paul, who 2 Sam. xiii. 18. widow's, Gen. sufficiently filled the room of James xxxviii. 14. harlots', Prov. vii. 10. the brother of John, flew like a se-chaste matrons', 1 Tim. ii. 9. eccleraph, almost every where, to gain siastical persons', who had both comsouls to Christ. mon garments, Lev. vi. 11. and Without any shadow of proof, is such as they put on when they miour common Creed ascribed to the nistered in holy things, Lev. vi. 10. apostles as authors thereof. Nobody called priests' garments, Neh. viii. can tell us when, or where, they 72. which being used to the honour of met to form it. None of the fathers, the true God, were called holy garin the first three centuries, pretend ments, glorious and beautiful, Exod. it to have been the composition of xxviii. 2. but such as were used in the the apostles; nor in the primitive worship of Baal and false gods, were ages was it the same in all the called vestments, 2 Kings x. 22. cichurches, or the same with that we vil persons', and of them the meaner have now. Far less ought the Ca-sort, whose apparel is called clothnons and Constitutions, called by ing, or covering, Job xxiv. 7. Exod. their name, to pass for apostolic. xii. 34. those in higher life, whose Besides a variety of other blunders, clothes are said to be goodly, desirathey refer to metropolitans, and other ble, Gen. xxvii. 15. gay, James ii. things not found in the Christian 2. but the apparel of those in the church, till long after the apostles most exalted stations of life, is called were buried in their graves; nor is royal, Esth. vi. 8. glorious, Isa. Ixiii. it probable that they were collected 1. (2.) In respect of matter; as, of

skins, Gen. iii. 21. hair, Matt. iii. 4. ing some visible display of his perwoollen, Lev. xiii. 59. linen, Deut. fections in his work of providence, xxii. 11. fine linen and silk, Gen. or some clear intimation of his will, xli. 42. silk and purple, Prov. xxxi. Psal. cii. 16. Acts xxvi. 16. Christ's 22. needle-work and wrought gold, appearing, denotes his coming in the Psa. xlv. 13, 14. (3.) In respect of flesh, Heb. ix. 26. his showing himthe colour, as, white, Acts i. 10. self alive to his followers after his died, Ezek. xxiii. 15. purple, Luke resurrection, Mark xvi. 9, 11, 14. xvii. 19. scarlet, Dan. v. 7. divers his interceding with the Father in colours, Judges v. 30. (4.) In re- heaven for us, Heb. ix. 24. but chiefspect of time; as, mourning, 2 Sam. ly his coming in the clouds with ii. 14. wedding, Matt. xxii. 11. power and great glory, to judge the All such apparel as is either immo-world, 1 Tim. vi. 14. Tit. ii. 13.dest or costly, is strictly forbidden Men's appearing before God, imports in the word of God, 1 Tim. ii. 9. their coming into his courts of wor1 Pet. iii. 3. The following evils ship, Exod. xxiii. 15, 16. Psal. xlii. generally accompany the use of such 2. or standing before Christ's tribuclothing; (1.) A prodigal waste of nal at the last day, to receive their time in learning and following the final sentence of happiness or dammode of the day; and in contriving nation, 2 Cor. v. 10. how to adorn a sinful, dying body. The appearance of a man, is the out(2.) Much thought and care are be- ward shape and form of one, Dan. stowed by those persons who are viii. 15. The appearance of evil, is fond of such adorning, in order to what has the least likeness of, or have every thing in place, and to tendency towards sin, 1 Thess. v. 22. appear to the best advantage. (3.) To APPEASE, (1.) To remove anThe money that is squandered away ger, Gen. xxxii. 20. (2.) To lessen in superfluity of dress, will be ill strife between parties at variance, accounted for to him who is Lord of Prov. xv. 18. (3.) To quiet a peoall, and justly claims the gold and ple that are tumultuous, Acts xix. silver of the earth as his. (4.) A 35. bad example is hereby set to others, especially the rising generation. (5.) Such adorning is only calculated to feed what should be destroyed, viz. pride, vanity, and every unholy temper of the soul. See Isa. iii. 16-23. APPARENTLY, in familiar visions, as if face to face, Numb. xii. 8.

To APPEAL, to decline the judgment of one, and refer the cause to another, Acts xxv. 11, 21. and xxvi. 32.

To APPERTAIN, to belong to, Lev. vi. 5. to relate to, Rom. iv. 1.

APPETITE, (1.) Desire after food, Job xxxviii. 39. (2.) Strong desire after worldly things, Isa. lvi. 11. To be given to appetite, is to be of a gluttonous and voracious disposition, Prov. xxiii. 2.

APPII-FORUM, a place in the south-west of Italy, about 50 miles south of Rome, and 18 from the Three-Taverns. Thus far the Christians of Rome came to meet Paul in his way thither from Puteoli, Acts xxviii. 15.

To APPEAR, (1.) To be seen, become visible, Gen. i. 9. (2.) To come before, Isa. i. 12. (3.) To seem, Matt. vi. 16. (4.) To be dis- APPLE-TREE. It is a wellcovered or laid open, Jer. xiii. 26. known, large, comely, and fruitful (5.) To present one's self as an ad- tree: the kinds are manifold; its vocate, Heb. ix. 24. God's appear-fruit is roundish, cooling, and mediing, denotes his giving a visible cinal. Perhaps the Hebrews extoken of his presence; thus, he oftended their name to pear, cherry, ten appeared to the fathers under the and other fruit-trees. Brocard says, Old Testament, 2 Chron. i. 7. Gen. there were few of either of these in xlvii. 3. Numb. xii. 6. or his mak- Canaan. Good words fitly spoken,

are like apples of gold in pictures of I do not reckon myself to have ap silver; have a most comely appear-prehended the prize, but I hold on ance, and delightful and edifying in- my course, keeping under my body, fluence, Prov. xxv. 11. How forci- lest, after having preached the gosble the proverb appears, when ap- pel to others, I myself should be a plied to the good words of him who cast-away, Phil. iii. 12.

can only relieve the guilty con- To APPROACH, sometimes it im science! The lips of the righteous ports to have carnal knowledge of a are, indeed, a well of life, Isa. I. 4. person, Lev. xviii. 6. and xx. 16. -The APPLE of our eye, is its small but, ordinarily, to draw near in rerolling ball. To keep a thing as the spect of place or time, 2 Sam. xi. 20. apple of the eye, is to preserve it with To approach unto God as a kind fathe utmost tenderness, care, and ther, is to wait upon him in his ordisafety, Deut. xxxii. 10. Prov. vii.nances, to confide in him for help, to 2. The saints are likened to the reverence his name, his word, and his apple of God's eye: in themselves day; but chiefly to enjoy his fulness, they are weak and easily hurt, but Psa. Ixv. 4. Isa. lviii. 2. are infinitely dear to him; he ex- To APPROVE, to consider as actly observes, and tenderly sympa- right, love, commend, Psa. xlix. 13. thizes with them in all their afflic- 1 Cor. xi. 19. Jesus Christ was aptions; and will terribly resent every proved of God, dearly beloved of him; injury done to them, Zech. ii. 8. his person and work were accepted; Psa. xvii. 8. and himself undeniably demonstrated To APPLY: to apply the heart to by Providence to be the true Messiah, wisdom or good works, is, to study, Acts ii. 22. The apostles approved by all means, to obtain wisdom and themselves as the ministers of God, knowledge; and to perform good by their acquitting themselves as beworks, Psa. xc. 12. Eccl. viii. 9. came good soldiers of Jesus Christ, To APPOINT, (1.) To command, 2 Cor. vi. 4. 2 Tim. ii. 15. order, 2 Sam. xv. 15. (2.) To ordain, APRIES, king of Egypt, the Phaset apart to an office, Gen. xli. 34. raoh Ophra of scripture, Jer. xliv. Acts vi. 3. (3.) To assign, allot as 30. son of Psammis, and grandson a portion, or charge, Numb. iv. 19. of Necho, who made war on Josiah, (4.) To plan, purpose, Acts xx. 13. king of Judah. Jeremiah threaten(5.) To settle, fix, Prov. viii. 29. ed Apries with being put into the (6.) To agree on, Acts xxviii. 23. hands of his enemies, as he had put (7.) To set, place, 2 Kings x. 24. Zedekiah, king of Judah, into those To be appointed to wrath, is to be of Nebuchadnezzar, from whom he threatened with, and reserved to, was encouraged to revolt by promise everlasting misery, as are all finally of assistance, in which he failed, impenitent sinners. To be appoint- abandoning Zedekiah to the fate and ed to salvation, is to be heirs of ever- dangers of a war, into which he had Jasting happiness, 1 Thess. v. 9. To involved him. Ezekiel (xxix.) rebe appointed to death, or trouble, is proaches Apries with this baseness, to be sentenced by men, or set apart and prophesies, that Egypt should be in the providence of God, to endure reduced to a desert by the sword, it, Psa. cii. 20. 1 Cor. iv. 9. 1 Thess. which should destroy man and beast. žii. 3. This was afterwards executed, first To APPREHEND, to seize, to take in the person of Apries, who was fast and full hold of, 1 Kings xviii. deprived of his kingdom by Amasis, 40. to take one prisoner, 2 Cor. xi. one of his officers, and then through 32. 'I count not myself to have the conquest of Egypt by the Perapprehended: but I follow on, that sians. I may apprehend that for which I

APRON. With fig-leaves stitcham apprehended of Christ Jesus: 'led together, or fig-branches properly

applied to the forepart of their bo- grees of east longitude from London, Its greatest length from east to west, is about 1620 miles; and its greatest breadth from north to south, about 1350; and in the north parts eastward of Canaan, it is far less than the half of any of these numbers. It

dies, did our first parents supply the place of aprons, Gen. iii. 8. It was probably Ruth's apron, not her vail, into which Boaz put the six measures of barley, to carry to her mother, Ruth iii. 15. APT, fit, able for, inclined to, has the Indian Ocean on the south, and skilful in, 1 Tim. iii. 2. the Red Sea and Isthmus of Suez on

AQUILA, an eagle, a Jew born the west, Canaan and Syria on the in Pontus. He, with his wife, PRIS-north-west and north, the mountains CA, or PRISCILLA, had, for their of Chaldea and the Persian Gulf on business, to make leathern tents for the east. It is ordinarily divided the Roman troops. They were early into three parts, (1.) Arabia Petræa, converted to the Christian faith or the Rocky, on the north-west, and perhaps by Peter's pentecostal ser- which is now called Hejiaz. In the mon. After they had resided some south-west part of this now stand time at Rome, the edict of Claudius, the famed cities of Mecca and Mebanishing all Jews from that city, dina, so much visited by the Mahoobliged them to leave it, and return metan pilgrims. This division conto Corinth there Paul lodged with tained the land of Edom, the wilderthem, and wrought at their business, ness of Paran, the land of Cushan, till, probably to please the Gentiles, &c. and seems to have been first he went and lodged with Justus. called Arabia from its westerly siThey attended Paul to Ephesus, and tuation, or the mixed tribes which there exposed their lives to protect inhabited it. This is the wilderness him here they instructed Apollos through which the children of Israel in the way of the Lord more perfect- passed, in their journeying from ly. They returned back to Rome; Egypt to Canaan. Here also stood and in their house was a meeting of Sinai, where the law was given to the Christians held; and there they Moses. (2.) Arabia Deserta, the were saluted by Paul, in his epistle desert, which lay eastward of Cato that church. They returned to naan, and comprehended the land of Asia, and dwelt in or near Ephesus, Uz, of Ammon, Moab, Midian, with and were there when Paul wrote his the country of the Itureans, Hagasecond epistle to Timothy, Acts xviii. renes, &c. In this desert, the plains Rom. xvi. 4, 5. 2 Tim. iv. 19. of sand are so immense, that traAR, watching, the capital city of vellers in crossing them are obliged MOAB, near the river Arnon. Si- to make use of the mariner's comhon, king of the Amorites, burnt it pass, as if it at sea; and the tempests with fire, Numb. xxi. 28. Shal- are not less terrible here than on the manezer, king of Assyria, or his suc- ocean. The air is excessively hot; cessors, destroyed it in one night, springs or streams are scarcely to be Isa. xv. 1. It probably shared a si- found: a pestilential vapour somemilar fate from the Chaldees. About times passes along, which instantly 300 years after our Saviour's death, kills those who happen to inhale it; it was swallowed up by an earth- and when the wind rises high, the quake. In Deut. ii. 9. the whole land of Moab seems to be called AR, from the name of the capital.

desert assumes the appearance of the most rough and tempestuous sea, The sand is lifted from its bed by ARABIA, a large country of Asia, the force of the winds, and driven lying partly on the east, but chiefly along like waves, clouds, and rain; southward of Canaan. It is situated every thing that falls in its way is between 13 and 33 degrees of north overwhelmed, and whole caravans latitude, and between 35 and 60 de- of travellers, with their horses and

camels, find one common grave in quests, about A. D. 630, they have the deluge of sand. Happy are the been generally followers of the Mainhabitants of England, who can hometan delusion. travel without difficulty, breathe in To take particular notice of the air that is salubrious, find excellent Arabian tribes, or of the barren histowater in great plenty, and enjoy ry of their ancient kingdoms of Hamevery comfort of life in abundance! yar, or Yaman, the same as Arabia (3.) Arabia Felix, or Happy, on the Felix; of Chassan and Hira in Arasouth of the two former. The two bia Deserta; or of Hejiaz, the orilast seem to have been called Kedem, ginal residence of the Ishmaelites, is or the EAST, by the Hebrews.- scarcely suited to the nature of this Scarcely any part of Arabia is well work. It is more to our purpose, to watered; but Arabia Felix is famed show in what astonishing manner the for vast numbers of fine spices and ancient predictions of scripture have fruits. been fulfilled among them, for more Arabia Felix seems to have been than three thousand years past. It chiefly peopled by the numerous fa- was prophesied, that the Ishmaelites mily of Joktan, a descendant of should be wild men; should have Shem; the other two parts seem to their hand against every man, and have been originally inhabited by every man's hand against them; and the Rephaims, Emims, Zanzum- yet should dwell in the presence of mims, Amalekites, Horites, and other all their brethren, and multiply into descendants of CUSH, the eldest son twelve tribes, and become a great of Ham. The Cushites were gra- nation; or, in other words, that howdually expelled by the descendants ever they should be harassed, they of NAHOR, LOT, and ABRAHAM. should never be utterly subdued; and Ishmael first settled in Hejiaz, and that in the latter days they should formed twelve powerful tribes of push at the Roman empire; and like Nabatheans, Kedarenes, Hagarenes, so many locusts, plague the third part &c. but they gradually spread them- of men, Gen. xvi. 11, 12. and xvii. selves, at least into the whole north 20. and xxi. 10-13. Isa. xxi. 11— parts of Arabia; and the remains of 17. Numb. xxiv. 20. Jer. xxv. 23— the Uzites or Ausitæ, Buzites, Am- 25. and xlviii. 28–33. Dan. xi. 40. monites, Moabites, Midianites, &c. Rev. ix. 1-11. Let us trace the incorporated with them. The an- fulfilment.

cient Arabs or Arabians, were gross Ishmael had 12 sons, each a father idolaters; they worshipped the hea-of a tribe; they dwelt next to their venly bodies, the sun, moon, and relations, the offspring of Lot, and of stars, and a number of angels and Abraham by Keturah, and of Esau men who had been famous in their the father of Edom. They gradually day they worshipped a great num- increased till they swallowed up ber of large stones, which were pro- their neighbours on the north and bably, at first, no more than the east, if not also most of the children places where their ancestors had of Joktan in Arabia Felix. Numbers worshipped the true God. See Gen. of them began early to trade with xxviii. 18. The Persians introduced Egypt in spices, Gen. xxxvii. 27. their Magian religion among part of and xxxix. 1. They, long after, them, The Jews, who fled from traded with the Tyrians in ebony, the fury of the Romans, proselyted a ivory, precious cloths, spices, jewels, part of them to theirs. Paul preach-gold, and cattle, Ezek. xxvii. 15, ed in some part of Arabia; and ten 20-22. Vast numbers of them tribes are said to have received the roved about with their cattle, dwellChristian faith in that or the following in tents, without any settled ing ages. Since Mahomet's rise, abode, Isa. xiii. 20. They have about A. D. 608, or rather his con-been always famed for their lust, rob