NOTE. Feminine stems in 8- (nom. is, gen. (dos) correspond to masculines in ev; as Meyapis, Megarian woman; and feminines in Tid(nom. Tis, gen. Tidos), to masculines in Ta-, as ZIKEλI-TIS, Sicilian woman. ADJECTIVES. 11. The simplest suffixes by which adjectives (like nouns) are formed from roots or stems are o- and a- (nom. masc. os, fem. ŋ, a; or os, neut. ov): σοφός, σοφή, σοφόν, wise, κακ-ός, bad; λοιπούς, remaining (λιπ-, λοιπ-, § 128, 3, Ν. 5). 12. Adjectives signifying belonging or related in any way to a person or thing are formed from noun stems by the suffix to- (nom. Los): ovpáv-ios, heavenly (ovpavó-s), oikeios, domestic (see § 128, 3, Ν. 3), δίκαιος, just (δικα-), 'Αθηναῖος, Athenian ( ̓Αθῆναι, stem Αθηνα-). 13. (a) Verbals denoting ability or fitness are formed by uo- (nom. ικός), sometimes τικο- (τικός) : ἀρχικός, fit to rule (ἄρχω), γραφικός, capable of writing or painting (γράφω), βουλευτικός, able to advise (βουλεύω), πρακτικός, fit for action (practical), from πράγ- (πράσσω). (b) Denominatives thus formed denote relation, like adjectives in ιος (12); πολεμικός, of war, warlike (πόλεμος), βασιλικός, kingly (βασιλεύς), φυσικός, natural (φύσις). 14. Adjectives denoting material are formed by wo- (nom. wos, proparox.), as Xio-wos, of stone (Xilos);-and eo- (nom. eos, contr. οὓς), as χρύσεος, χρυσοῦς, golden (χρυσός). NOTE. Adjectives in wós (oxytone) denote time, as capivós, vernal (eap, spring), VUKTEρivós, by night (vú, night, výктEpos, by night). 15. Those denoting fulness (chiefly poetic) are formed by evT(nom. εις, εσσα, εν); χαρίεις, graceful (χάρις), gen. χαρίεντος ; ὑλήεις, woody; Latin gratiosus, silvosus. 16. Inclination or tendency is expressed by pov- (nom. μwv, μov); μvýμwv, mindful (μvýμn, memory), Tλý-μwv, enduring (rλáw, endure), ἐπιλήσμων, forgetful (λαθ-, λανθάνω). 17. Other adjectives with various meanings are formed by various suffixes besides the simple o- (11), as vo-, λo-, po-, μo-, or σo-, all with nom, in os; eo- with nom. in ns, es. Some of these are distinguished by an active or a passive meaning; as dedos, timid, devós, terrible, (del-, fear); sometimes the same adjective has both senses; as poßepós, frightful and afraid. ης Adjectives in 7s are generally compounds (§ 131, 6); a few are simple, as vevd-ýs, false. NOTE. For verbal adjective in Tos and Teos, see § 117, 3. ADVERBS. 18. Most adverbs are formed from adjectives, as is explained in §§ 74, 75. Adverbs may be formed also from the stems of nouns or verbs by the following suffixes: (α) δόν (or δά), ηδόν : ἀνα-φαν-δόν, openly (ἀνα-φαίνω, φαν-), poet. also ἀναφανδά; κυν-ηδόν, like a dog (κύων, gen. κυνός). (6) δην οι άδην : κρύβδην, secretly κρύπτω, conceal); συλλήβδην, collectively (συλλαμβάνω, λαβ-, § 128, 3, Ν. 5) ; σπορ-άδην, scatteredly (oneiрw, sow, scatter, stem σTeр-); ávé-dŋv, profusely (av-inui, let out, stem -). (ε) τί : ὀνομασ-τί, by name (ὀνομάζω, § 16, 1); ἑλληνιστί, in Greek (ελληνίζω). See also the local endings O, Oev, de, &c., § 61. II. DENOMINATIVE VERBS. § 130. A verb whose stem is derived from the stem of a noun or adjective is called a denominative (§ 128, 2, b). The following are the principal terminations of such verbs in the present indicative active :— 1. aw (stem in a-): Tiμáw, honour, from noun ruń (τiμa-), honour. 2. ew (e-): ȧpioμéw, count, from ȧpioμós, number (Note 2). 3. ow (0-): μiołów, let for hire, from μtoló-s, pay. For the relations of the present to the simple stem see § 108. NOTE 1. Desiderative verbs, expressing a desire to do anything, are sometimes formed from other verbs and from nouns by the ending rew (stem in σe-), sometimes aw or law (a- or la-); as dpa-σeiw, desire to do (δρά-ω); γελα-σείω, desire to laugh (γελάω); φων-άω, be blood-thirsty (φόνος) ; κλαυ-σ-ιάω, desire to veen (κλαίω, stem κλαυ-), § 128, 3, Ν. 4. NOTE 2. The final letter or syllable of the stem from which a denominative verb is formed is specially subject to modification (§ 128, 3, N. 3). Thus many verbs in ew come from stems in o, as piλé-w, love (píλo-s). Some come from stems in eo (§ 52, 1), dropping eσ; as evTUXEw, be fortunate, from evtuxhs (evtuxeo-), fortunate. NOTE 3. Verbs formed from the same noun stem with different endings. sometimes have different meanings; as πολεμέω and (poetic) πολεμίζω, make war, Toλeμów, make hostile, both from wóλeμo-s, war; dovλów, enslave, dovλców, be a slave, from doûλo-s, slave. COMPOUND WORDS. § 131. In a compound word we have to consider (a) the first part of the compound, (b) the last part, and (c) the meaning of the whole. REMARK. The modifications which are necessary when a compound consists of more than two parts will suggest themselves at once. (4) FIRST PART OF A COMPOUND WORD. 1. When the first part of a compound is a noun or adjective, only its stem appears in the compound. Before a consonant, stems of the first declension generally change final a to o; those of the second declension retain o; and those of the third add o. Before a vowel, stems of the first and second declensions drop a or o. E.g. Θαλασσο-κράτωρ (θαλασσα-), ruler of the sea, χορο-διδάσκαλος (xopo-), chorus-teacher, Taido-Tрißns (raid-), trainer of boys (in gymnastics), κεφαλαλγής (κεφαλα-) causing headache, χορηγός χορο-), (orig.) chorus-director; so ιχθυο-φάγος (ιχθυ-), fish-eater, φυσιο-λόγος, enquiring into nature. NOTE. There are many exceptions. Sometimes takes the place of ο ; ας χοηφόρος (χοή, libation), bringer of libations, Ελαφηβόλος (έλαφο-ς), deerslayer. Stems in eo (§ 52, 1) often change eo to o; as Teixo-μaxia (TEIXEO-), wall-fighting. The stems of vaus, ship, and Boûs, ox, generally appear without change (ναυ- and βου-) ; as ναυμαχία, sea-fight, βουκόλος, herdsman. Sometimes a noun appears in one of its cases, as if it were a distinct word; as veάr-oikos, ship-house, vavoí-ropos, traversed by ships. 2. Compounds of which the first part is a verb are chiefly poetic. (a) Here the verb stem sometimes appears without change before a vowel, and with e, , or o added before a consonant. E.g. Πείθ-αρχος, obedient to authority ; μεν-ε-πτόλεμος, steadfast in battle ; ȧpx-I-TEKTOV, master-builder; Xin-ó-yapos, marriage-leaving (adulterous). (b) Sometimes σ is added to the verb-stem (generally before a consonant). E.g. σι Πλήξ-ιππος (πληγ-), horse-lashing; λυσίπονος, toil-relieving; στρεψί dIKOS (στpep-), justice-twisting; tep↓i-voos (tepπ-) soul-delighting. 3. A preposition or an adverb may be the first part of a compound word; as in πро-ßáλλw, throw before, åɛɩ-λoyía, continual talking, ev-yɛvýs, well-born. But no changes in form occur in these, except when a final vowel is elided (§ 12, 2), or when ρó is contracted with a following ɛ or o into ov, as in προὔχω (πρό, ἔχω), hold before ; προύργου (πρό, ἔργου), forward, φροῦδος (πρό, ὁδοῦ), gone (cf. § 17, 2, Note). 4. The following inseparable particles are used only as prefixes : (a) av- (a- before a consonant), called alpha privative, prefixed to nouns and adjectives, rarely to verbs, with a negative force, like English un-, Latin in-; as ȧv-eλεú0εpos, unfree, ȧvαιδής, shameless, ἀν- όμοιος, unlike, ἄ-παις, childless, -γραφος, unwritten, ä-0εos, godless. (b) dvo-, ill (opposed to ɛ, well), denoting difficulty or trouble ; as δύσ-πορος, hard to pass (opposed to εὔπορος) ; δυσTVXns, unfortunate (opposed to εv-TuxŃs). (c) vn- (Latin ne), a poetic negative prefix; as výπolvos, unavenged; vn-μɛpτýs, unerring. (d) μ- (Latin semi-), half; as ǹμí-0ɛos, demigod. NOTE 1. A few intensive prefixes are found in poetry,-api-, èpi-, da-, ζα-, as ἀρίγνωτος, well-known ; δα-φοινός, bloody. NOTE 2. The prefix a- is sometimes copulative (denoting union); as in ἄ-λοχος, bedfellow (from λέχος). (B) LAST PART OF A COMPOUND WORD. 5. At the beginning of the last part of a compound noun or adjective, ă, ɛ, or o (unless it is lengthened by position) is generally lengthened to n or w. E.g. Στρατηγός (στρατός, ἄγω), general ; ὑπήκοος (ὑπό, ἀκούω), obedient ; κατηρεφής (κατά, ἐρέφω), covered; ἐπ-ώνυμος (ἐπί, ὄνομα), naming or named for; Kar-nyopos (kará, and stem of ȧyopá), accuser. (See § 12, 2). 6. The last part of a compound noun or adjective may be changed in form when a suffix is added (§ 129). This takes place especially in compound adjectives, and when an abstract noun forms the last part of a compound noun. E.g. Φιλότιμος (τιμή); honour-loving ; πολυ-πράγμων (πρᾶγμα), meddlesome ; αὐτ- άρκης (αὐτός, ἀρκέω, sufice), self-suficient; ἀναιδής (αἰδέομαι), shameless; κακοήθης (ἦθος), ill-disposed ;-λιθο-βολία (λίθος, βολή), stone-throwing; ναυμαχία (ναύς, μάχη), sea-fight. Compound adjectives in ns are especially frequent (§ 129, 17). NOTE. An abstract noun compounded with a preposition may retain its form; as πрo-Bovλn, forethought. 7. A compound verb can be formed directly only by prefixing a preposition to a verb; as πpoo-áуw, bring to. Indirect compounds (denominatives) are formed from compound nouns or adjectives, which themselves may be compounded in various ways. E.g. Aboßoléw, throw stones, denom. from Xio-Bóλos, stone-thrower ; Kaтnyoрéw, accuse, from kar-hyopos, accuser (cf. 5). See § 105, 1, N. 2. (C) MEANING OF COMPOUNDS. § 132. Compound nouns and adjectives are of three classes, distinguished by the relation of the parts of the compound to each other and to the whole. 1. Objective compounds are those composed of a noun and a verb, adjective, or preposition, in which the noun stands to the other part in some relation (commonly that of object) which could be expressed by an oblique case of the noun. E.g. Λογο-γράφος, speech writer (λόγους γράφων); μισ-άνθρωπος, manhating (ov áveрáπоνs); σтрат-nyós, general (army-leading, orparov ἄγων); ἀξιό-λογος, worthy of mention (ἄξιος λόγου); ἁμαρτ-ί-νους, erring in mind (ἁμαρτὼν νοῦ); ἰσό-θεος, godlike (ἴσος θεῷ); τερπ-ικέραυνος, delighting in thunder (τερπόμενος κεραύνῳ); διο-τρεφής, reared by Zeus (cf. du-ñerýs, fallen or sent from Zeus, and Au-τрEpηs, a proper name). So with a preposition : ey-xópios, native (ev Tŷ χώρα); ἐφ-ίππιοs, belonging on a horse (ἐφ' ἵππῳ). |