also take an object accusative denoting the crime or punishment. E.g.

Οὐδεὶς αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ κατηγόρησε πώποτε, no man ever himself accused himself; Karayevdovraí pov μeyáλa, they tell great falsehoods against me; poißov adıkíav karnyopeîv, to charge injustice upon Phoebus ; ἐνίων ἔπεισαν ὑμᾶς ἀκρίτων θάνατον καταψηφίσασθαι, they persuaded you to pass (sentence of) death upon some without a trial.

Verbs of condemning may take three cases, as in the last example under § 173, 2.

3. The genitive is sometimes used in exclamations, to give the cause of the astonishment. E.g.

Ω Πόσειδον, τῆς τέχνης! Ο Poseidon, what a trade! Ω Ζευ βασιλεῦ, τῆς λεπτότητος τῶν φρενών! Ο King Zeus ! what subtlety of mind!

Genitive of Separation, of Comparison, of Source.

§ 174. The genitive may denote that from which anything is separated or distinguished.

On this principle the genitive follows verbs denoting to remove, to restrain, to release, to abandon, to deprive, and the like. E.g.

Ἡ νῆσος οὐ πολὺ διέχει τῆς ἠπείρου, the island is not far distant from the mainland ; ἐπιστήμη χωριζομένη ἀρετῆς, knowledge separated from virtue ; λυσόν με δεσμῶν, release me from chains ; ἐπέσχον τῆς τειχήσεως, they ceased from building the wall; πόσων ἀπεστέρησθε ; of how much have you been deprived ? ἔπαυσαν αὐτὸν τῆς στρατηγίας, they deposed him from his command ; οὐ παύεσθε τῆς μοχθηρίας, you do not cease from your rascality. So εἶπον αὐτῷ) τοῦ κήρυκος μn λeineσbai, they told him not to be left behind the herald (i.e. to follow close upon him); ἡ ἐπιστολὴ, ἣν οὗτος ἔγραψεν ἀπολειφθεὶς pov, the letter which this man wrote without our knowledge (lit. separated from us).

For the accusative after verbs of depriving, see § 164.

§ 175. 1. The comparative degree takes the genitive when, than, is omitted. E.g.

Κρείττων ἐστὶ τούτων, he is better than those ; νέοις τὸ σιγᾶν κρεῖττόν ἐστι τοῦ λαλεῖν, for youth silence is better than prating; πονηρία θᾶττον θανάτου τρέχει, wickedness runs faster than death.

NOTE 1. All adjectives and adverbs which imply a comparison may take a genitive ; as ἕτεροι τούτων, others than these; ὕστεροι τῆς

μáxns, too late for (later than) the battle; rn vσrepaia tês̟ μáxns, on the day after the battle. So тpinλáoιov ýμôv, thrice as much as we.

NOTE 2. After „λéov („λeîv), more, or Maoσov, less, is occasionally omitted without affecting the case; as πέμψω ὄρνῖς ἐπ' αὐτὸν, πλεῖν ἑξακοσίους τὸν ἀριθμόν, I will send birds against him, more more than six hundred in number (§ 160). Aristoph.

2. The genitive follows verbs signifying to surpass, to be inferior, and all others which imply comparison. E.g.

*Ανθρωπος ξυνέσει ὑπερέχει τῶν ἄλλων, man surpasses the others in sagacity; Toù nous πeрiyiyvεodai, to be superior to the multitude; ὑστερίζειν τῶν καιρῶν, to be too late for the opportunities. So τῶν exopov viкâσbaι (or hooâoba), to be overcome by one's enemies; but these two verbs take also the genitive with iró, and the dative. Το κρατεῖν τῶν ἐχθρῶν, to prevail over one's enemies, and τῆς θαλάσσης Kpareiv, to be master of the sea; which belong equally well under § 171, 3.

§ 176. 1. The genitive sometimes denotes the source. E.g. Τοῦτο ἔτυχόν σου, I obtained this from you ; τοῦτο ἔμαθεν ὑμῶν, he learned this from you. Add the examples under § 171, 2, N. 1.

2. In poetry, the genitive generally denotes the agent after passive verbs, or is used like the instrumental dative (§ 188). E.g.

Εν Αιδᾳ δὴ κεῖσαι, σᾶς ἀλόχου σφαγεὶς Αἰγίσθου τε, thou liest now in Hades, slain by thy wife and Aegisthus. Eur. Πρῆσαι πυρὸς δηΐοιο θύρετρα, to burn the gates with destructive fire. Il.

These constructions would not be allowed in prose.

Genitive after Compound Verbs.

§ 177. The genitive often depends on a preposition included in a compound verb. E.g.

Πρόκειται τῆς ̓Αττικής ὄρη μεγάλα, high mountains lie before Attica ; τῶν ὑμετέρων δικαίων προΐστασθαι, to stand in defence of your rights ; ὑπερεφάνησαν τοῦ λόφου, they appeared above the hill; οὕτως ὑμῶν ὑπεραλγώ, I grieve so for you ; ἐπιβάντες τοῦ τείχους, having mounted the wall; anоτрÉжει μе тоÚтоν, it turns me from this.

For the genitive after certain compounds of κará, see § 173, 2, Note. See also § 193.

Genitive of Price or Value.

§ 178. The genitive denotes the price or value of a thing. E.g.

Δόξα χρημάτων οὐκ ὠνητή (sc. ἐστίν), glory is not to be bought with money ; πόσου διδάσκει ; for what price does he teach ? μισθοῦ νόμους εισφέρει, he proposes laws for a bribe; ὁ δοῦλος πέντε μνῶν τιμᾶται, the slave is valued at five minas. So τιμᾶται δ' οὖν μοι ὁ ἀνὴρ θανάτου, so the man estimates my punishment at death (i.e. proposes death as my punishment). Plat. So also podpíav inyov Oavárov, they impeached Sphodrias on a capital charge (§ 173, 2).

NOTE. The genitive depending on äέtos, worth, worthy, and its compounds, or on agiów, think worthy, is the genitive of price or value; as ἄξιός ἐστι θανάτου, he is worthy of death; Θεμιστοκλέα τῶν μεγίστων ἠξίωσαν, they thought Themistocles worthy of the highest honours. So sometimes ariμos and áriμágw take the genitive. (See § 180, 1.)

Genitive of Time and Place.

§ 179. 1. The genitive may denote the time within which anything takes place. E.g.

Πέρσαι οὐχ ἥξουσι δέκα ἐτῶν, the Persians will not come within ten years. Τῆς νυκτὸς ἐγένετο, it happened within the night (but τὴν νύκτα means during the whole night). Το δραχμὴν ἐλάμβανε τῆς ἡμέρας, he received a drachma a day (each day).

2. A similar genitive of the place within which is found in poetry. E.g.

Η οὐκ "Αργεος ἦεν ̓Αχαιικοῦ; was he not in Achaean Argos Odyss. So in the Homeric medioιo béew, to run on the plain (i.e. within its limits), and similar expressions. So ȧpioTepĥs xeipós, on the left hand, even in Hdt.

Genitive with Adjectives.

§ 180. The objective genitive follows many verbal adjectives.

1. These adjectives are chiefly kindred (in meaning or derivation) to verbs which take the genitive. E.g.

Μέτοχος σοφίας, partaking of wisdom (§ 170, 2). Επήβολος ἐπιστήuns, having attained to knowledge; μπειρоs kaкŵν, experienced in evils; τοῦ ἀρίστου στοχαστικός, aiming at the best (§ 171, 1). Κατήκοος τῶν yovéwv, obedient (lit. hearkening) to his parents; eniorýμwv twv dikaiwy, understanding his rights ; ἐπιμελὴς ἀγαθῶν, ἀμελὴς κακῶν, caring for the good, neglectful of the bad; pedwλoi xpnμátov, sparing of money (§ 171, 2). Εγκρατὴς ἑαυτοῦ, being master of himself; ἀρχικὸς ἀνδρῶν, fit to rule men (§ 171, 3). Meσròs Kakŵv, full of evils; eppo ovμμáχων, destitute of allies ; ἡ ψυχὴ γυμνὴ τοῦ σώματος, the soul stript of the body; kalapos póvov, free from the stain of murder (§ 172, 1). Ενοχος δειλίας, chargeable with cowardice (§ 173, 2). Διάφορος τῶν av, distinguished from the others (§ 174). "Agios Toλλv, worth much (178, Note).

NOTE 1. Especially, adjectives of this class compounded with alpha privative (§ 131, 4, a) take the genitive; as ayevσтos Kakŵy, without a taste of evils; ἀμνήμων τῶν κινδύνων, forgetful of the dangers; ἀπαθὴς κακῶν, without suffering ills; ἀκρατής γλώσσης, without power over his tongue.

NOTE 2. Sometimes these compounds take a genitive of kindred meaning, which depends on the idea of separation implied in them ; as aπαis appévwv Taidov, childless (in respect) of male children; ἄτιμος πάσης τιμής, destitute of all honour; ἀδωρότατος χρημάτων, most free from taking bribes.

For the genitive of price after agios, see § 178, Note.

2. Some are kindred to verbs which take the accusative. E.g.

Πόλεως ἀνατρεπτικός, subversive of the state ; πρακτικὸς τῶν καλῶν, capable of doing noble deeds; piλoμaln's ráons aλndeias, fond of learning all truth.

§ 181. The possessive genitive sometimes follows adjectives denoting possession or the opposite. E.g.

Οἰκεῖα τῶν βασιλευόντων, belonging to the kings; ἱερὸς ὁ χῶρος τῆς Αρτέμιδος, the place is sacred to Artemis ; κοινὸν ἁπάντων, common to all; dημokparías aλλórpia, things foreign to democracy.

For the dative after such adjectives, which with some of them is more common than the genitive, see § 185.

NOTE. Some adjectives of place, like evavríos, opposite, may take the genitive instead of the regular dative (§ 185), but chiefly in poetry; as ἐναντίοι ἔσταν ̓Αχαιών, they stood opposite the Achaeans.

Genitive with Adverbs.

§ 182. 1. The genitive follows adverbs derived from adjectives which take the genitive.

E.g.

Οἱ ἐμπείρως αὐτοῦ ἔχοντες, those who are acquainted with him ; ἀναξίως τῆς πόλεως, in a manner unworthy of the state ; ἐμάχοντο ảέíws λóyov, they fought in a manner worthy of mention.

2. The genitive follows many adverbs of place. Eg.

Εἴσω τοῦ ἐρύματος, within the fortress; ἔξω τοῦ τείχους, outside of the wall; ἐκτὸς τῶν ὅρων, without the boundaries ; χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος, apart from the body; μεταξὺ σοφίας καὶ ἀμαθίας, between wisdom and ignorance ; πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ, beyond the river; πρόσθεν τοῦ στρατοπέδου, in front of the camp; ἀμφοτέρωθεν τῆς ὁδοῦ, on both sides of the road; evoù rηs Þaσýλidos, straight to Phaselis.

Such adverbs, besides those given above, are chiefly evrós, within; δίχα, apart from ; ἐγγύς, ἄγχι, πέλας, and πλησίον, near ; πόρρω (πρόσω), far from; omodev and karóπi, behind; and a few others of similar meaning. The genitive after most of them can be explained as a partitive genitive or as a genitive of separation; that after cvbú resembles that after verbs of aiming at (§ 171, 1).

Aálpa and κpúpa, without the knowledge of, sometimes take the genitive.

ΝοΤΕ. Πλήν, except, ἄχρι and μέχρι, until, ἄνευ and ἄτερ, without, eveka (ovveкa), on account of, take the genitive like prepositions. For these and ordinary prepositions with the genitive, see § 191, 1.

Genitive Absolute.

§ 183. A noun and a participle not connected with the main construction of the sentence may stand by themselves in the genitive. This is called the genitive absolute. E.g.

Ταῦτ ̓ ἐπράχθη Κόνωνος στρατηγοῦντος, this was done when Conon was general. Οὐδὲν τῶν δεόντων ποιούντων ὑμῶν κακῶς τὰ πράγματα xe, affairs are in a bad state while you do nothing which you ought to do. Θεῶν διδόντῶν οὐκ ἂν ἐκφύγοι κακά, if the Gods should grant (it to be so), he could not escape evils. "OvTOS Yeúdovs éotiv áñáty, when there is falsehood, there is deceit.

For the relations denoted by the genitive absolute, see 277, 278.