(6) Sometimes, however, the implied protasis is too indefinite to be expressed (in Greek or in English), as often when it is merely if he pleased, if he could, if he should try, if there should be an opportunity, if we should consider, if what is natural (or likely) should happen, &c. Sometimes it is even

too vague to be really present in the mind. Thus arises the potential optative and indicative (with av), corresponding to the English forms with may, can, must, might, could, would, and should.

E.g.

Ἴσως ἄν τις ἐπιτιμήσειε τοῖς εἰρημένοις, perhaps some one might (or may find fault with what has been said. Ηδέως δ ̓ ἂν ἔγωγ ̓ ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην, and I should be glad to ask Leptines. Τοῦτο οὔτ ̓ ἂν οὗτος exoi λéyew ove vμeîs Telσeinte, neither could (can) he say this, nor would you believe it (if he should). Ouk av μeðeiμŋv тov Opóvov, I won't give up the throne (I wouldn't on any condition). IIoî ovν траToiμe av; whither then can we turn?

Θάττον ἤ τις ἂν ᾤετο, quicker than one would have thought. Κτύπου πᾶς τις ᾔσθετ ̓ ἂν σαφῶς, every one must have heard the sound. So nyhow av, you would have thought; eides av, you might have seen ; cf. Latin crederes, diceres, videres, &c.

So Bovλoiμny av (velim), I should wish (in some future case): Bovλóunv av (vellem), I should (now) wish, I should prefer (on some condition not fulfilled).

NOTE 1. The potential optative sometimes expresses a mild command, and sometimes is hardly more than a future, or a softer expression for a mere assertion; as xwpois av elow, you may go in; λέγοις ἂν, you may speak (for speak); κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοίβε, hear me now, Phoebus. Οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέτι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη, Justice will not then turn out to be anything very excellent: see also the 4th and 5th examples under (b). Ovê av åpvoíμŋv тOÛTO, I will not (would not) deny it.

In these cases and in most of those under (b), the form of an apodosis was unconsciously used with no reference to any definite condition.

NOTE 2. The potential indicative sometimes expresses what would have been likely to happen, i.e. might have happened (and perhaps did happen), with no reference to any unfulfilled condition; as ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν ̓ Ορέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος, for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes may already have killed him before you (Od. iv. 546); ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἂν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη daïos eival, every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') would have longed to be a warrior (Aristoph.) See § 206, Rem.

3. The apodosis may be expressed by an infinitive or participle in indirect discourse, each tense representing its

own tenses of the indicative or optative (§ 203, with N. 1). If the finite verb in the apodosis would have taken av, this particle is used with the infinitive or participle. E.g.

Ἡγοῦμαι, εἰ τοῦτο ποιεῖτε, πάντα καλῶς ἔχειν, I believe that, if you are doing this, all is well; ἡγοῦμαι, ἐὰν τοῦτο ποιῆτε, πάντα καλῶς ¿§eɩv, I believe that, if you shall do this, all will be well; olda vμâs ἐὰν ταῦτα γένηται εὖ πράξοντας, I know that you will prosper if this is done. For examples of the infinitive and participle with av, see § 211.

4. The apodosis may be expressed in an infinitive (not in indirect discourse) depending on a verb of wishing, commanding, advising, &c. Such an infinitive receives a future meaning from the leading verb. E.g.

Βούλεται ἐλθεῖν ἐὰν τοῦτο γένηται, he wishes to go if this shall be done; κελεύω ὑμᾶς ἐὰν δύνησθε ἀπελθεῖν, I command you to depart if you can (§ 223). For the principle of indirect discourse which appears in the protasis here after past tenses, see § 248, 1.

NOTE 1. Sometimes the apodosis is merely implied in the context, and in such cases ei or ẻáv is often to be translated supposing that or in case that; as ἄκουσον καὶ ἐμοῦ, ἐάν σοι ταὐτὰ δοκῇ, hear me also, in case the same shall please you (i.e. that then you may assent to it); οἱ δ ̓ ᾤκτειρον, εἰ ἁλώσοιντο, and others pitied them, in case they should be captured (i.e. thinking what they would suffer if they should be captured). See § 248. So πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, εἰ ἐπιβοηθοῖεν, ἐχώρουν, they marched towards the city, in case they (the citizens) should rush out (i.e. to meet them if they should rush out). On this principle we must explain αἴ κέν πως βούλεται, Il. i, 66 ; αἴ κ' ἐθέλῃσθα, Od. iii. 92 ; and similar passages.

NOTE 2.

The apodosis is sometimes entirely suppressed for effect; as el pèv dáσovoi yépas, if they (shall) give me a prize,—very weil (İl. 1, 135, cf. i. 580).

Mixed Constructions.—Aé in Apodosis.

§ 227. 1. The protasis and apodosis sometimes belong to different forms. This happens especially when an indicative with ɛi in the protasis is followed by an optative with är in the apodosis, the latter sometimes having another protasis implied, and sometimes being a potential optative (§ 226, 2). Εἰ νῦν γε δυστυχοῦμεν, πῶς τἀναντι ἂν πράττοντες οὐ σωζοίμεθ' av; if we are now unfortunate, how could we help being saved if we

T

should do the opposite ? Εἰ οὗτοι ὀρθῶς ἀπέστησαν, ὑμεῖς ἂν οὐ χρεὼν apxoire, if these had a right to secede, you cannot (could not) possibly hold your power rightfully.

NOTE. Sometimes a protasis contains the adverb av, belonging not to ei, but to the verb. Here the verb is also an apodosis at the same time; as ei μn moinσair' av roûto, if (it is true that) you would not do this (i.e. if it should be necessary), which differs entirely from ei μὴ ποιήσαιτε τοῦτο, if you should not do this ; εἰ τοῦτο ἰσχυρὸν ἦν ἂν AUTO TEKμηplov, if this would have been a strong proof for him (if he had had it).

2. The apodosis is sometimes introduced by the conjunction dé, which cannot be translated in English. E.g.

Εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι, but if they do not give her up, then I will take her myself.

El after Verbs of Wondering, &c.

§ 228. Some verbs expressing wonder, contentment, disappointment, indignation, &c., take a protasis with ei where a causal sentence would seem more natural. So miror si in Latin. E.g.

Θαυμάζω δ' ἔγωγε εἰ μηδεὶς ὑμῶν μήτ' ἐνθυμεῖται μήτ' ὀργίζεται, and I wonder that no one of you is either concerned or angry (lit. if no one of you is, &c., I wonder). See also § 248, 2, for the principles of indirect discourse applied to these sentences.

NOTE. Such verbs are especially θαυμάζω, αἰσχύνομαι, ἀγαπάω, and ayavaкTéw. They sometimes take or, because, and a causal sentence ($250).

III. RELATIVE AND TEMPORAL SENTENCES.

REMARK. The principles of construction of relative clauses include all temporal clauses. Those introduced by ews, πpív, and other particles meaning until, have special peculiarities, and are therefore treated separately (§§ 239, 240).

§ 229. The antecedent of a relative is either definite or indefinite. It is definite when the relative refers to a definite person or thing, or to some definite time, place, or manner; it is indefinite when no such definite person, thing, time, place, or manner is referred to. Both definite

and indefinite antecedents may be either expressed or understood. E.g.

(Definite.) Tavra à exw ópậs, you see these things which I have; or ἃ ἔχω ὁρᾷς. Οτε ἐβούλετο ἦλθεν, (once) when he wished, he came.

(Indefinite.) Пávra à âv Bovλovrai egovou, they will have everything which they may want; or å av Boúλwvrai eşovoiv, they will have whatever they may want. "Oraν ëλoŋ, тоûто прáέw, when he shall come (or when he comes), I will do this. "Οτε βούλοιτο, τοῦτο ἔπρασσεν, whenever he wished, he (always) did this. Os av eiπw, tоiwμev, as I shall direct, let us act.

Definite Antecedent.

§ 230. A relative as such has no effect on the mood of the following verb. A relative with a definite antecedent therefore may take the indicative (with où for its negative) or any other construction which could occur in an independent sentence. E.g.

Τίς ἔσθ ̓ ὁ χῶρος δῆτ ̓ ἐν ᾧ βεβήκαμεν ; i.e. the place in which, &c. Εως ἐστὶ καιρὸς, ἀντιλάβεσθε τῶν πραγμάτων, (now) while there is an opportunity, &c. Τοῦτο οὐκ ἐποίησεν, ἐν ᾧ τὸν δῆμον ἐτίμησεν ἄν, he did not do this, in which he would have honoured the people. So μnj yévoiro, may this not happen.

Indefinite Antecedent.-Conditional Relative,

§ 231. A relative clause with an indefinite antecedent has a conditional force, and is often called a protasis, the antecedent clause being called the apodosis. Such a relative is called a conditional relative. The negative particle is μή.

NOTE. Relative words (like ei, if) take av before the subjunctive. (See § 207, 2.) With őre, ÓTÓte, étei, and éteiòn, av forms ōtav, ὁπόταν, ἐπάν οι ἐπήν (Ionic ἐπεάν), and ἐπειδάν. In Homer we generally find őre ke, &c., like ei ke (§ 219, 2).

§ 232. The conditional relative sentence has four forms (two of present and past, and two of future conditions) which correspond to the four forms of ordinary protasis (§§ 221-224).

1. Present or past condition simply stated (§ 221).

E.g.

"O TI Bovλerai dwow, I will give him whatever he (now) wishes (like e ri Bouλerai, dwow, if he (now) wishes anything, I will give it). Α μὴ οἶδα, οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι, what I do not know, I do not even think I know (like e tiva μǹ oida, if there are any things which I do not know).

2. Present or past condition stated so as to imply that the condition is not or was not fulfilled (supposition contrary to fact, § 222). E.g.

Α μὴ ἐβούλετο δοῦναι, οὐκ ἂν ἔδωκεν, he would not have given what he had not wished to give (like εἴ τινα μὴ ἐβούλετο δοῦναι, οὐκ ἂν ἔδωκεν, if he had not wished to give certain things, he would not have given them). Οὐκ ἂν ἐπεχειροῦμεν πράττειν ἃ μὴ ἐπιστάμεθα, we should not (then) be undertaking to do (as we now are) things which we did not understand (like e riva un oráμeda, if there were any things which we did not know, the whole belonging to a supposition not realized). So ὃν γῆρας ἔτετμεν, Od. i. 217.

This case occurs much less frequently than the others.

3. Future condition in the more vivid form (§ 223). E.g.

Ο τι ἂν βούληται, δώσω, I will give him whatever he may wish (like éáv Ti Bouλntai, dwow, if he shall wish anything, I will give it). Οταν μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι, when I (shall) have no more strength, I shall cease. Αλόχους καὶ νήπια τέκνα ἄξομεν ἐν νήεσσιν, ἐπὴν πτολίεOpov eλwper, we will carry them as soon as we shall have taken the city. Hom.

NOTE. The future indicative cannot generally be substituted for the subjunctive here, as it can in common protasis (§ 223, N. 1).

4. Future condition in the less vivid form (§ 224).

E.g.

“Ο τι βούλοιτο, δοίην ἄν, I should give him whatever he might wish (like e Ti Boudoiro, doínv av, if he should wish anything, I should give it). Πεινῶν φάγοι ἂν ὁπότε βούλοιτο, if he were hungry, he would eat whenever he might wish (like e tote Bovλoro, if he should ever wish).

§ 233. The conditional relative sentence has the same forms as other conditional sentences (§ 225) in present and past general suppositions, taking the subjunctive after present tenses, and the optative after past tenses. Eg.

"O TI av Boúλntai didwμi, I (always) give him whatever he wants (like ἐάν τι βούληται, if he ever wants anything). Ο τι βούλοιτο