§ 248. The principles of § 247 apply also to any dependent clause (in a sentence of any kind) which expresses indirectly the past thoughts of any person, even of the speaker himself.

This applies especially to the following constructions :

1. Clauses depending on an infinitive (not in indirect discourse) after verbs of wishing, commanding, advising, &c.

2. Clauses containing a protasis with the apodosis implied in the context (§ 226, N. 1), or with the apodosis expressed in a verb like Oavμášw (§ 228).

3. Temporal clauses expressing a past intention or purpose, especially those introduced by ews or aρív after past tenses.

4. Even ordinary relative sentences, which would regularly take the indicative.

This affects the construction of course only after past tenses. E.g.

(1) Εβούλοντο ἐλθεῖν, εἰ τοῦτο γένοιτο, they wished to go if this should happen. (Here ἐβούλοντο ἐλθεῖν, ἐὰν τοῦτο γένηται, might be used, expressing the form, if this shall happen, in which the wish would be conceived: § 226, 4. Here ev is not in indirect discourse : § 246, Ν.). Εκέλευσεν ὅ τι δύναιντο λαβόντας μεταδιώκειν, he commanded them to take what they could and pursue (he said ori âv δύνησθε, what you can, and therefore we might have had ὅ τι ἂν δύνωνται). Προεῖπον αὐτοῖς μὴ ναυμαχεῖν Κορινθίοις, ἢν μὴ ἐπὶ Κέρκυραν πλέωσι καὶ μέλλωσιν ἀποβαίνειν, they instructed them not to engage in a sea fight with Corinthians, unless these should be sailing against Corcyra and should be on the point of landing. (Here the direct forms are retained, for which εἰ μὴ πλέοιεν καὶ μέλλοιεν might have been used.)

(2) Ωικτειρον, εἰ ἁλώσοιντο, they pitied them, in case they should be captured (the thought being ei alwσouvro, which might have been retained.) Φύλακας συμπέμπει, ὅπως φυλάττοιεν αὐτὸν, καὶ εἰ τῶν ȧypiwv Ti pavein Onpiwv, he sends (sent) guards, to guard him and (to be ready) in case any of the savage beasts should appear (the thought being ἐάν τι φανῇ). Τἄλλα, ἢν ἔτι ναυμαχεῖν οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι τολμήσωσι, TapeσKevάCovтo, they made the other preparations (to be ready) in case the Athenians should still venture a naval battle. "Exaιрov åуаж@veï Tis éáool, I rejoiced, being content if any one would let it pass (the thought was ἀγαπῶ εἴ τις ἐάσει). Εθαύμαζε εἴ τις ἀργύριον πράττοιτο, he wondered that any one demanded money; but in the same book

EL

(Xen. Mem. i.) we find ἐθαύμαζε δ ̓ εἰ μὴ φανερὸν αὐτοῖς ἐστιν, he wondered that it was not plain.

(3.) Σπονδὰς ἐποιήσαντο ἕως ἀπαγγελθείη τὰ λεχθέντα εἰς ΛακεSaipova, they made a truce, (to continue) until what had been said should be reported at Sparta (their thought was eos av anаууeλon, which might have been retained.) Οὐ γὰρ δή σφεας ἀπίει ὁ θεὸς τῆς ἀποικίης, πρὶν δὴ ἀπίκωνται ἐς αὐτὴν Λιβύην, i.e. until they should come, &c. (where aníкOLVTо might have been used.) Hdt. Μένοντες ἕστασαν ὁππότε πύργος Τρώων ὁρμήσεις, they stood waiting until (for the time when) a column should rush upon the Trojans. Hom.

(4.) Καὶ ᾔτεε σῆμα ιδέσθαι, ὅττι ῥά οἱ γαμβροῖο πάρα Προίτοιο pépoiro, he wished to see the token, which he was bringing (as he said) from Proetus. Κατηγόρεον τῶν Αἰγινητέων τὰ πεποιήκοιεν πроdоνтES THν 'EXλáda, they accused the Aeginetans for what (as they said) they had done in betraying Greece.

For the same principle in causal sentences, see § 250, Note.

NOTE. On this principle, final and object clauses with iva, oπWS, ws, un, &c., admit the double construction of indirect discourse, and allow either the subjunctive or future indicative (as the case may be) to stand unchanged after secondary tenses. (See § 216, 2.) The same principle extends to all conditional and all conditional relative and temporal sentences depending on final or object clauses, as these too belong to the indirect discourse.

"OπшS AND O IN INDIRECT QUOTATIONS.

§ 249. 1. In a few cases Twç is used for ws or rɩ in indirect quotations, chiefly in poetry. E.g.

Τοῦτο μή μοι φράζ ̓, ὅπως οὐκ εἶ κακός, do not tell me this, that you are not base. Soph.

2. Homer rarely uses o (neuter of ős) for or. E.g.

Λεύσσετε γὰρ τό γε πάντες, ὅ μοι γέρας ἔρχεται ἄλλῃ, for you all see this, that my prize goes another way. Γιγνώσκων ὅ οἱ αὐτὸς ὑπείρεχε Xeipas 'Aπóλλwv, knowing that Apollo himself held over him his hands.

V. CAUSAL SENTENCES.

§ 250. Causal sentences express a cause or reason, and are introduced by ὅτι, ὡς, because, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὅτε, ὁπότε, since, and by other particles of similar meaning. They

take the indicative after both primary and secondary tenses. The negative particle is où. E.g.

Κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν, ὅτι ῥα θνήσκοντας ὁρᾶτο, for he pitied the Danai, because he saw them dying. Οτε τοῦθ ̓ οὕτως ἔχει, προσήκει, &c., since this is so, it is becoming, &c.

NOTE. On the principle of indirect discourse (§ 248), the optative may be used in a causal sentence after a past tense, to imply that the cause is assigned on the authority of some other person than the speaker; as τὸν Περικλέα ἐκάκιζον, ὅτι στρατηγὸς ὢν οὐκ ἐπεξάγοι, they abused Pericles, because (as they said) being general he did not lead them out. Thuc. (This assigns the Athenians' reason for abusing him, and does not show the historian's opinion.)

VI. EXPRESSION OF A WISH.

§ 251. 1. When a wish refers to the future, it is expressed by the optative, either with or without eile, or ei yáp (Hom. aïle, aî yáp), O that, O if. The negative is μý, which can stand alone with the optative. E.g.

Αἲ γὰρ ἐμοὶ τοσσήνδε Θεοὶ δύναμιν παραθεῖεν, Ο that the Gods would clothe me with so much strength. Hom. Tò μèv vôv TaÛTа πρηoσois Táπeρ ev xepoìv exeus, for the present may you continue to do these things which you have now in hand. Hdt. Eïde piλos nμiv yévolo, O that you may become our friend. Mŋkétɩ Čýŋv ¿yw, may I no longer live. Τεθναίην, ὅτε μοι μηκέτι ταῦτα μέλοι, may I die when I shall no longer care for these things (§ 235).

For the distinction between present and aorist see § 202, 1.

NOTE 1. In poetry ei alone is sometimes used with the optative in wishes ; as εἴ μοι γένοιτο φθόγγος ἐν βραχίοσιν, Ο that I might find a voice in my arms (Eur.)

NOTE 2. The poets, especially Homer, sometimes prefix &s (not translatable) to the optative in wishes; as ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος ὅ TIS TOLAûTá Ye péğı, likewise may any other perish who may do the like.

NOTE 3. In poetry, especially in Homer, the optative alone sometimes expresses a concession or permission, sometimes a command or exhortation; as αὖτις ̓Αργείην Ελένην Μενέλαος ἄγοιτο, Menelaus may take back Argive Helen. Τεθναίης, ὦ Προῖτ ̓, ἢ κάκτανε Βελλεροpovrny, either die or kill Bellerophontes. Here and in the optative alone in wishes we probably have an original independent use of the optative; while all the forms of wishes introduced by ele, ei yáp, or el are elliptical protases, as is seen by the use of ei, and by the force of the tenses, which is the same as it is in protasis.

U

2. When a wish refers to the present or the past, and it is implied that its object is not or was not attained, it is expressed by a secondary tense of the indicative with ele or el yap, which here cannot be omitted. The imperfect and aorist are distinguished here as in protasis (§ 222). E.g.

Eïde TOûTO ÉTOIE, O that he were doing this, or O that he had done this. Εἴθε τοῦτο ἐποίησεν, Ο that he had done this; ει γὰρ μὴ ÉYÉVETO TOÛTO, O that this had not happened.

Eio eixes Beλriovs Opévas, O that thou hadst a better understanding. Εἰ γὰρ τοσαύτην δύναμιν εἶχον, Ο that I had so great power. Εἴθε σοι TÓTE σvveyevőμŋv, O that I had then met with you.

NOTE 1. The aorist peλov of openo, debeo, and in Homer sometimes the imperfect peλov, are used with the infinitive in wishes, with the same meaning as the secondary tenses of the indicative; as peλE TOUTO TOieiv, would that he were doing this (lit. he ought to be doing this), or would that he had done this (habitually); peλe TOûTO Toinσai, would that he had done this. For the distinction made by the different tenses of the infinitive, see § 222, N. 2.

NOTE 2. Opeλov is negatived by un (not ov), and it may even be preceded by εἴθε, εἰ γάρ, or ὡς ; as μή ποτ' ὤφελον λιπεῖν τὴν Σκύρον, O that I had never left Scyros; ei yàp peλov oioi re eivai, O that they were able, &c.; so ὡς ὤφελες ὀλέσθαι. As this is really an apodosis, like det, &c., with the infinitive (§ 222, N. 2), the use of eile and ei yap with it is an anomaly: μý should perhaps be constructed with the infinitive.

VII. IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE IN COMMANDS, EXHORTATIONS, AND PROHIBITIONS.

§ 252. The imperative expresses a command, exhortation, or entreaty; as leye, speak thou; peûye, begone! énéτw, let him come; xaιpóvтwv, let them rejoice.

NOTE. A combination of a command and a question is found in such phrases as oio¤' § §pâσov; do-dost thou know what?

§ 253. The first person of the subjunctive (generally plural) is used in exhortations. Its negative is μn. Eg. Ἴωμεν, let us go; ἴδωμεν, let us see; μὴ τοῦτο ποιώμεν, let us not do this.

NOTE. Both subjunctive and imperative may be preceded by a ye (ἄγετε), φέρε, or ἴθι, come ! These words are used without regard to the number or person of the verb which follows; as ǎye μíμvete πάντες.

§ 254. In prohibitions, in the second and third persons, the present imperative or the aorist subjunctive is used with μn and its compounds. E.g.

Mǹ Toleι TOUTO, do not do this (habitually), or do not go on doing this; μὴ ποιήσῃς τοῦτο, (simply) do not do this. Μὴ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους δικάσητε μὴ βοηθήσητε τῷ πεπονθότι δεινᾶ· μὴ εὐορκεῖτε, do not judge according to the laws; do not help him who has suffered outrages; do not abide by your oaths.

The two forms have merely the usual distinction between the present and aorist (§ 202, 1).

NOTE. The third person of the aorist imperative sometimes occurs in prohibitions; very rarely the second person.

VIII. SUBJUNCTIVE LIKE FUTURE INDICATIVE (IN HOMER).—INTERROGATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.— SUBJUNCTIVE AND FUTURE INDICATIVE WITH Oỷ μń.

§ 255. In Homer, the subjunctive sometimes has the force of a future indicative in independent sentences. E.g. Οὐ γάρ πω τοίους ἴδον ἀνέρας, οὐδὲ ἴδωμαι, for I never yet saw nor shall I ever see such men. Καὶ ποτέ τις εἴπῃσιν, and some one will (or may) say.

NOTE. This subjunctive may, like the future indicative, take dv or ké to form an apodosis. See § 209, 2, with examples.

§ 256. The first person of the subjunctive, and sometimes the third, may be used in questions of doubt, where a person asks himself or another what he is to do.. It is negatived by μn. It is often introduced by Bouλe or βούλεσθε (in poetry θέλεις or θέλετε). Ε.g.

wish

Εἴπω ταῦτα; shall I say this ? or βούλει εἴπω ταῦτα ; do you that I should say this? Ποῖ τράπωμαι; ποῖ πορευθῶ; whither shall I turn ? whither shall I go ? Ποῦ δὴ βούλει καθιζόμενοι ἀναγνῶμεν; where now wilt thou that we sit down and read? Ti Tis eivaι TOûTO Pĥ ; what shall any one (i. e. 1) say this is?

So in τí ñáłw ; what will become of me? 'what harm will it do me? (lit. what shall I undergo ?).