NOTE 1. Masculine participles from verbs in wu change our to ους (§ 46,2); as διδούς, giving, διδόντος (§ 16, 6, Ν. 1). So a few nouns in ous; as odoús, tooth, odóvr-os. Neuters in our are regular (§ 46, 1).

NOTE 2. The perfect active participle (§ 68), with a stem in or, forms its nominative in ws (masc.) and os (neut.); as dedukas, having loosed, λελυκός, gen. λελυκότος.

NOTE 3. For nominatives in ns (es) and os, gen. eos, see § 52, 1, Note. A few other peculiar formations in contract nouns will be noticed below, §§ 53-56.

Accusative Singular.

§ 47. 1. Most masculines and feminines with stems ending in a consonant form the accusative singular by adding a to the stem ; as φύλαξ (φυλακ-), φύλακα; λέων (λεοντ-), lion, λέοντα.

2. Nouns in is, vç, avs, and ovs, if the stem ends in a vowel or diphthong, changes of the nominative to v; as Tóλıç, state, πόλιν ; ἰχθύς, fish, ἰχθύν; ναῦς, ship, ναῦν; βοῖς, οχ, βοῦν.

ν

But if the stem ends in a consonant, barytones of these classes have in prose (rarely a) and v or a in poetry, while others have only the form in a ; as epic, strife, epiv (poet. also ἔριδα); ὄρνις, bird, ὄρνιν (poet. ὄρνιθα) ; εὔελπις, hopeful, εὔελπιν (εὐέλπιδα); while ἐλπίς, hope, has only ἐλπίδα ; πούς (ποδ-), foot, πόδα ; παῖς (παιδ-), child, παῖδα.

ΝΟΤΕ 1. Απόλλων and Ποσειδῶν (Ποσειδάων) contract the accusative into 'Απόλλω and Ποσειδῶ, after dropping v.

For a similar contraction of ova into w, and of oves and ovas into ovs, see the declension of comparatives, § 72, 2.

NOTE 2. For accusatives in ea (for eσa, eFa) from nouns in ης and ευς, see § 52, 1, Note, and § 53, 3, N. 1; and for those in w (for oa or wa) from nouns in w or ws, see § 55.

Vocative Singular.

§ 48. 1. The vocative singular of masculines and feminines is generally the same as the nominative.

2. But in the following cases it is the same as the stem :—

(a) In barytones with stems ending in a liquid; as daíμwv (δαιμον-), divinity, voc. δαῖμον ; ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-), speaker, voc. ῥητορ ; σώφρων (σωφρον-), continent, voc. σώφρον.

But if the last syllable is accented, the vocative is the same as the nominative ; as λιμήν, (λιμεν-), harbour, voc. λιμήν ; αἰθήρ (αιθερ-), sky, voc. αἰθήρ.

(b) In barytone nouns and adjectives whose stems end in 7, final of the stem being dropped (§ 7); as yiyas (yıyavr-), giant, voc. γίγαν; λέων (λεοντ-), lion, voc. λέον; χαρίεις (χαριεντ-), graceful, voc. χαρίεν.

But all participles of the third declension have the vocative and nominative alike. (Compare λówv, loosing, voc. λúwy, with λέων, lion, voc. λέον.)

ις

(c) In nouns and adjectives in us (except those in is īvos), vc, ευς, and αυς. These drops of the nominative to form the

vocative; as τυραννίς (τυραννιδ-), tyranny, voc. τυραννί (§ 7); πόλις (πολι-), state, voc. πόλι ; ἰχθύς, ἰχθύ ; βασιλεύς, βασιλεῦ (§ 53, 3, Ν. 1); γραῦς, γραῦ (§ 54, Note); παῖς (for πάϊς), παῖ (for πάϊ); βοῦς, βοῦ (§ 54), and sometimes in Οἰδίπους, Oedipus.

(d) In nouns and adjectives in ŋs, gen. ɛos (ovc). These form the vocative in ες (§ 52); as Σωκράτης, voc. Σώκρατες (v. Note); τριήρης, voc. τριήρες ; ἀληθής, voc. ἀληθές.

NOTE. For the recessive accent of many vocatives, as 'Ayáμeμvov, Σώκρατες, Απολλον, κακόδαιμον, see § 25, 1, Note.

3. Nouns in , gen. mûs (§ 55), form the vocative in oî. So a few in wv, gen. oùs (§ 55, N. 2); as åndwr, voc. ảnƐoî.

Dative Plural.

§ 49. The dative plural is formed by adding σε to the stem.

E.g.

Φύλαξ (φυλακ-), φύλαξι ; ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-), ρήτορσι ; ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-), ἐλπίσι; ποὺς (ποδ-), ποσί; λέων (λεοντ-), λέουσι ; δαίμων (δαιμον-), δαίμοσι ; τιθείς (τιθεντ-), τιθεῖσι ; χαρίεις (χαριεντ-), χαρίεσι ; ἱστάς (ἱσταιτ-), ἱστᾶσι; δεικνύς (δεικνυντ-), δεικνῦσι ; βασιλεύς (βασιλευ-), βασιλεῦσι; βοῦς (βου-), βουσί ; γραύς (γραυ-), γραυσί (§ 54). For the euphonic changes, see § 16, 2 and 6, with Notes. For a change in syncopated nouns, see § 57.

NOUNS WITH MUTE OR LIQUID STEMS.

§ 50. The following are examples of the most common forms of nouns of the third declension with mute or liquid stems.

For the formation of the cases of these nouns, see §§ 46— 49. For euphonic changes in nearly all, see § 16, 2, and § 46. For special changes in λέων and γίγας, see § 16, 6, Ν. 1.

I. MASCULINES AND FEMININES.

ὁ (φυλάκ-) ἡ (φλεβ-)

ἡ (σαλπιγγ-)

ὁ (λεοντ-)