NOTE 1. Aldos, shame, and the Ionic hós, morning, form their oblique cases like xó (but with @, not ó, in the accusative singular); as aidós, aidoûs, aidoî, aidw,—ǹws, hous, hoi, hw.

Nouns in os, gen. wos are regular, but are sometimes contracted; as ἥρως, hero, ήρωος, ἥρωΐ, οι ἥρω, ἥρωα οι ήρω, &c.

NOTE 2. A few nouns in wv (eikov, image, and ȧndov nightingale) occasionally have forms like those of nouns in ; as gen. εἰκοῦς, ἀηδοῦς ; accus. εἰκώ ; voc. ἀηδοῖ.

NOTE 3. The uncontracted forms of these nouns, in óos, óï, and óa, are not used. Herodotus has an accusative singular in oûv; as

'Ioûv for 'Iá, from 'ló, gen. 'Ioûs.

STEMS IN ΑΣ, OR IN ΑΣ AND AT.

§ 56. 1. Neuters in aç, gen. aos, are contracted when the a of the stem is followed by a vowel ; as (rò) yépas, prize, which is thus declined :

2. A few neuters in as, gen. aros, drop 7 and are contracted like γέρας ; in Attic prose only (το) κέρας, horn, gen. κέρατος (κέρδος) κέρως ; dat. κέρατι (κέρμι) κέρᾳ; plur. κέρατα (κέραα) κέρα ; gen. κεράτων (κεράων) κερῶν; dat. κέρασι.

NOTE. The original stem of nouns in as, gen. aos, is supposed to have ended in ao (§ 52 1, Note), which dropped σ before a vowel or o, but retained it in the nominative. Neuters in as, aтos, which drop τ, have one stem in ar and another in as, the latter appearing in the nominative singular.

SYNCOPATED NOUNS.

§ 57. Some nouns in np (stem in ɛp), gen. ɛpos, are syncopated (§ 14, 2) by dropping & in the genitive and dative singular. In the dative plural they change ɛp to pa before ol. The accent is irregular; the syncopated genitive and dative being oxytone (except in Anμýrne), and the vocative singular

having recessive accent (§ 25, 1, Note), and ending in ep as in barytones (§ 48, 2, a).

1. Πατήρ (6), father, and θυγάτηρ (ή), daughter, are thus

ΝΟΤΕ 1. Μήτηρ (ἡ), mother, and γαστήρ (ἡ), belly, are declined and accented like πατήρ. Thus, μήτηρ has (μητέρος) μητρός, and (μητέρι) μητρί ; plur. μητέρες, μητέρων, &c.

Αστήρ (δ), star, has ἀστράσι in the dative plural, but is otherwise regular (without syncope).

NOTE 2. The uncontracted forms of all these nouns are often used by the poets, who also syncopate other cases of θυγάτηρ.

2. Ανήρ (ὁ), man, drops ε whenever a vowel follows ερ, and inserts d in its place (§ 14, N. 2). It is thus declined :—

3. The proper name Δημήτηρ syncopates all the oblique cases and then accents the first syllable. Thus, gen. (Δημήτερος) Δήμητρος ; dat. (Δημήτερι) Δήμητρι ; accus. (Δημήτερα) Δήμητρα ; voc. Δήμητερ.

Gender of the Third Declension.

§ 58. The gender of many nouns in this declension must be learned by observation. A few general rules, however, may be given.

1. The following are masculine: substantives ending in ār, ŋy, ɛvc, most of those in np, wp, and wv (gen. wvos), and all that have vros in the genitive. Except () ppýr, mind.

2. The following are feminine: those in avs, rns (gen. TMηros), ας (gen. αδος), ώ or ὡς (gen. οὓς) and most of those in us.

3. The following are neuter: those in a, i, v, ap, op, os, and ας (gen. aros or aos).

Dialects.

§ 59. 1. Gen. and Dat. Dual. Homeric ouv for ow.

2. Dat. Plur. Homeric cool, eσi, σσi, for σl.

3. Most of the uncontracted forms inclosed in () in the paradigms, which are not used in Attic prose, are found in Homer or Herodotus; and some of them occur in the Attic poets. For special dialectic forms of some of these nouns, however, see § 52, 2, N. 4 ; § 53, 1, N. 3, and 3, N. 4; § 54, Note; § 55, N. 3.

IRREGULAR NOUNS.

§ 60. 1. (a) Nouns which belong to more than one declension are called heteroclites. Thus σkóros, darkness, is usually declined like Móyos (§ 41), but sometimes like yévos (§ 52, 2). Το Οἰδίπους, Oedipus, has genitive Οἰδίποδος or Οἰδίπου, dative Οἰδίποδι, accusative Οιδίποδα or Οἰδίπουν.

(b) Especially, proper names in ns (gen. eos) of the third declension (except those in kλéns) have also an accusative in ην like those of the first; as Δημοσθένης, accus. Δημοσθένην οι Δημοσθένη, Σωκράτης, Σωκράτην oι Σωκράτη. So nouns in as

E

(gen. avros or avos) have poetic forms like the first declension; as Πολυδάμας, voc. Πολυδάμα (Hom.); Αἴας, accus. Αἴαν.

2. Nouns which are of different genders in different cases are called heterogeneous; as (5) oîros, corn, plur. (rà) oîra; (δ) δεσμός, chain, (οἱ) δεσμοί and (τὰ) δεσμά.

3. Defective nouns have only certain cases; as ὄναρ, dream, ὄφελος, use (only nom. and accus.); (την) νίφα, snow (only accus.).

4. Indeclinable nouns have one form for all cases. These are chiefly foreign words, as 'Αδάμ, Ισραήλ; and names of letters, "Αλφα, Βήτα, &c.

€ω,

5. The following are the most important irregular nouns :

1. "Αιδης, Hades, gen. ov, &c. regular. Hom. Αΐδης, gen. ao oΟΙ dat. n, acc. ην ; also "Αϊδος, "Αϊδι (from stem 'Αϊδ-).

2. ἄναξ (δ), king, ἄνακτος, &c. voc. ἄναξ (poet. ἄνα, in addressing Gods).

3. "Αρης, Ares, "Αρεος, οι "Αρεως, ("Αρεϊ) "Αρει, ("Αρεα) "Αρη οι "Αρην, "Αρες (also Αρες).

4. Stem (apv-), gen. (roû or rŷs) åpvós, lamb, åpví, äpva; pl. äpves, ἀρνῶν, ἀρνάσι, ἄρνας. In the nom. sing. αμνός (2nd decl.) is used.

5. γάλα (τό), mille, γάλακτος, γάλακτι, &c.

6. γόνυ (τό), knee, γόνατος, γόνατι, &c. (from stem γονατ.); Ion. and poet. γούνατος, γούνατι, &c.; Hom, also gen. γουνός, dat. γουνί, pl. γοῦνα, γούνων, γοννεσσι.

7. γυνή (ή), wife, γυναικός, γυναικί, γυναῖκα, γύναι ; dual γυναῖκε, γυναικοῖν ; pl. γυναῖκες, γυναικών, γυναιξί, γυναῖκας.

8. δένδρον (τό), tree, ov, reg. (Ion. δένδρεον), dat. sing. δένδρει ; pl. δένδρεσι.

9. δόρυ (τό), spear (cf. γόνυ), δόρατος, δόρατι οι δορί; pl. δόρατα, &c. Ion. and poet. δούρατος, &c.; also gen. δουρός, dat. δουρί, δορί, οι δόρει ; dual δοῦρε ; pl. δοῦρα, δούρων, δούρεσσι.

10. Ζεύς (Aeol. Δεύς), Zeus, Διός, Διί, Δία, Ζεῦ. Ion. and poet. Ζηνός, Ζηνί, Ζήνα.

11. Θέμις (ἡ), justice (also as proper name, Themis), gen. Θέμιδος, Θέμιστος, Θέμιτος, Θέμιος (Hdt.); dat. Θέμιστι ; acc. θέμιστα οι Θέμιν;

voc. Θέμι ; pl. θέμιστες, Θέμιστας ; all Ion. or poet. In Attic prose, indeclinable in θέμις ἐστί, fas est.

12. Θρίξ (ἡ), hair, τριχός, τριχί, &c., θριξί (§ 17, 2, Note).

13. κάρα (τό), head, poetic ; in Attic only nom. accus. and voc. sing. Hom. κάρη, gen. κάρητος, καρήατος, κράατος, κρατός ; dat. κάρητι, καρήατι, κράατι, κρατί (trag. κάρα); acc. (τὸν) κράτα, (τὸ) κάρη οι κάρ ; plur. nom. κάρᾶ, καρήατα, κράατα ; gen. κράτων; dat. κρασί; acc. like nom., with (τους) κρᾶτας ; nom. and acc. pl. also κάρηνα, gen. καρήνων.

14. κρίνον (τό), lily, ou, &c. In plural also κρίνεα (Hdt.) and κρίνεσι.

15. κύων (ὁ, ἡ), dog, voc. κύον : the rest from stem κυν-, κυνός, κυνί, κύνα ; pl. κύνες, κυνῶν, κυσί, κύνας.

16. λᾶς (ὁ), stone, Hom. λᾶας, poetic; gen. λᾶος (or λάου), dat. λαϊ, acc. λάαν, λᾶν ; dual λᾶε ; plur. λαῶν, λάεσσι.

17. λίπα (Hom.) λίπ (generally with ἐλαίῳ, oil), fat, oil; probably λίπα is neut. accus., and λίπ' is dat. for λιπί. Lexicon.

18. μάρτυς (ο, ή), witness, μάρτυρος, &c., dat. pl. μάρτυσι.

See

19. μάστιξ (ή), whip, gen. μάστιγος, &c., Hom. dat. μάστι, acc. μάστιν.

* 20. οἶς (ἡ), sheep, οἰός, οἰί, οἶν ; pl. οἶες, οἰῶν, οἰσίν, οἶας. Hom. δις, ὄιος, δϊν, οΐες, οΐων, οΐεσσι (οἴεσι, ὄεσσι), δις. Aristoph. has dat. &.

21. ὄνειρος (ὁ), ὄνειρον (τό), dream, gen. ου ; also ὄναρ (τό), gen. ὀνείρατος, dat. ὀνείρατι ; plur. ὀνείρατα, ὀνειράτων, ὀνείρασι.

22. ἴσσε (τώ), dual, eyes, poetic ; plur. gen. ἔσσων, dat. ἴσσοις or ὄσσοισι.

23. ὄρνις (ὁ, ἡ), bird, see § 50. Also, from stem ὀρνϊ-, pl. ὄρνεις, ὄρνεων, acc. ὄρνεις οι ὄρνις.

24. οὖς (τό), ear, ὠτός, ὠτί; pl. ὦτα, ὤτων (§ 25, 3, Ν. 1), ὠσί. Hom. also gen. οὔατος ; pl. οὔατα, οὔασι.

25. 11νύξ (ή), Pnyx, Πυκνός, Πυκνί, Πύκνα (for Πνυκ-ος, &c.).

26. πρέσβυς (ὁ), old man, elder (properly adj.), poetic, acc. πρέσβυν (as adj.), voc. πρέσβυ ; pl. πρέσβεις (Ep. πρέσβης), chiefs, elders : the common word in this sense is πρεσβύτης, distinct from πρεσβεύτης. Πρέσβυς = ambassador, w. gen. πρέσβεως, is rare and poetic in sing. ; but common in prose in plur., πρέσβεις, πρέσβεων, πρέσβεσι, πρέσβεις (like πήχυς) : πρεσβεύτης, ambassador, is common in sing., but rare in plural.

27. πῦρ (τό), fire, πυρός, πυρί ; pl. (τα) πυρά, esp. uatch-fires.

28. σπέος οι σπεῖος (τό), cave, Epic ; σπείους, σπῆι, σπείων, σπήεσσι οι σπέσσι.