ADVERBS AND THEIR COMPARISON.

§ 74. 1. Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives. Their form (including the accent) is found by changing v of the genitive plural masculine to s. E.g.

Φίλως, dearly, from φίλος; δικαίως, justly (δίκαιος); σοφῶς, wisely (σοφός); ἡδέως, sweetly (ἡδύς, gen. plur. ἡδέων); ἀληθῶς, truly (ἀληθής, gen. plur. ἀληθέων, ἀληθῶν); σαφῶς (Ionic σαφέως), plainly (σαφής, gen. plur. σαφέων, σαφῶν); πάντως, wholly (πᾶs, gen. plur. πάντων).

NOTE. Adverbs are occasionally formed thus from participles; as διαφερόντως, differently, from διαφέρων (διαφερόντων); τεταγμένως, regularly, from τεταγμένος (τάσσω, order).

2. The neuter accusative of an adjective (either singular or plural) may be used as an adverb. E.g.

Πολύ and πολλά, much (πολύς); μέγα οι μεγάλα, greatly (μέγας); also μεγάλως, § 74, 1 ; μόνον, only (μόνος, alone).

NOTE. Other forms of adverbs with various terminations will be learnt by practice. See § 129.

§ 75. The neuter accusative singular of the comparative of an adjective forms the comparative of the corresponding adverb; and the neuter accusative plural of the superlative forms the superlative of the adverb. E.g.

Σοφῶς (σοφός), wisely; σοφώτερον, more wisely; σοφώτατα, most wisely. Αληθώς (αληθής), truly; ἀληθέστερον, ἀληθέστατα. Ηδέως (ἡδύς), sweetly, ἥδιον, ἥδιστα. Χαριέντως (χαρίεις), gracefully ; χαριέστερον, χαριέστατα. Σωφρόνως (σώφρων), prudently ; σωφρονέστερον, σωφρονέστατα.

NOTE 1. Other adverbs generally form a comparative in τερω, and a superlative in τατω ; as ἄνω, above, ἀνωτέρω, ἀνωτάτω.

A few comparatives derived from adjectives end in τέρως; as βεβαιοτέρως, more firmly, for βεβαιότερον, from βεβαίως.

NOTE 2. Μάλα, much, very, has comp. μᾶλλον (for μαλιον, § 16, τ), more, rather; sup. μάλιστα, most, especially.

NUMERALS.

§ 76. The cardinal and ordinal numeral adjectives, and the numeral adverbs which occur, are as follows:

Above 10,000,—δύο μυριάδες, 20,000, τρεῖς μυριάδες, 30,000, &c.

were used.

NOTE. The dialects have the following peculiar forms :

14. See § 77, Note 1. Epic τρίτατος, τέτρατος.

12. Doric and Ionic δυώδεκα ; Poetic δυοκαίδεκα.

30, 80, 200, 300. Ionic τριήκοντα, ὀγδώκοντα, διηκόσιοι, τριηκόσιοι. 40. Herod. τεσσερήκοντα.

§ 77. 1. The cardinal numbers eis, one, δύο, tuo, τρεῖς, three, and τέσσαρες (or τέτταρες), four, are thus de

clined :

NOTE 1. Homer has fem. ἴα, της, &c., for μία; and ἴῳ for ἑνί. Homer has δύω for δύο, and forms δοιώ, δοιοί (declined regularly). For δυεῖν, δυῶν, δυοῖσι, and other forms, see the Lexicon. Δύο is sometimes indeclinable. Herodotus has τέσσερεs, and the poets have τέτρασι.

NOTE 2. The compounds ovdeis and μndeis, no one, none, are declined like εἷς. Thus, οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν; gen. οὐδενός, οὐδεμιᾶς ; dat. οὐδενί, οὐδεμια; &c. Plural forms sometimes occur ; as οὐδένες, οὐδένων, οὐδέσι, οὐδένας, μηδένες, &c. When οὐδέ or μηδέ is separated from eis (as by a preposition or by av), the negative is more emphatic; as e¿§ ovdevós, from no one; ovd' ¿§ évós, from not even

one.

NOTE 3. Both is expressed by ἄμφω, ambo, ἀμφοῖν ; and by ἀμφότερος, generally plural, ἀμφότεροι, αι, α.

2 The cardinal numbers from 5 to 100 are indeclinable. The higher numbers in to and all the ordinals are declined regularly like other adjectives in oc.

NOTE 1. When τρεῖς καὶ δέκα and τέσσαρες καὶ δέκα are used for 13 and 14, the first part is declined. In ordinals we may say τρíτos καὶ δέκατος, &c.

NOTE 2. (a) In compound expressions like 21, 22, &c., 31, 32, &c., 121, 122, &c., the numbers can be connected by kai in either order; but if kai is omitted, the larger precedes. Thus, eis kai elkoσi, one and twenty, or elkoσi kaì eis, twenty and one; but (without kai) only Eikooi eis, twenty-one.

(b) The numbers 18 and 19, 28 and 29, 38 and 39, &c., are often expressed by ἑνὸς (or δυοῖν) δέοντες εἴκοσι (τριάκοντα, τεσσαράκοντα, &c.); as etŋ évòs déovta tpiákovτa, 29 years.

NOTE 3. With collective nouns in the singular, especially inπоs, cavalry, the numerals in to sometimes appear in the singular; as Thy diaкоσíav inпоy, the (troop of) 200 cavalry (200 horse); donis μvρía κai Teтpakoσía (Xen. An. i. 7, 10), 10,400 shields (i.e. men with shields).

Μύριοι means ten thousand ; μυρίοι, innumerable, Μυρίος sometimes has the latter sense, as μυρίος χρόνος, countless time; μυρία πενία, incalculable poverty. For pvpía as numeral see above.

NOTE 4. The Greeks often expressed numbers by letters; the two obsolete letters, Vau and Koppa, and the character San, denoting 6, 90, and 900. (See § 1, N. 2.) The last letter in a numerical expression has an accent above. Thousands begin anew with,a, with a stroke below. Thus, αωξή, 1868 ; βχκέ, 2625 ; δκέ, 4025 ; βγ, 2003; φμ', 540; ρδ', 104. (See § 76, second column.)

NOTE 5. The letters of the ordinary Greek alphabet are often used to number the books of the Iliad and Odyssey, each poem having twenty-four books.

THE ARTICLE.

§ 78. The definite article ó (stem To-), the, is thus de

NOTE 1. The Greek has no indefinite article; but often the indefinite τὶς (§ 84) may be translated by a or an; as ἄνθρωπός τις, α certain man, often simply a man.

NOTE 2. The feminine dual forms rá and raîv (especially rá) are rare, and τώ and rov are generally used for all genders. (§ 138, N. 5.) The regular nominatives Toí and rai are Epic and Doric; and the article has the usual dialectic forms of the first and second declensions, as τοῖο, τοῖιν, τάων, τοῖσι, τῇσι, τῇς.

PRONOUNS.

Personal and Intensive Pronouns.

§ 79. 1. The personal pronouns are ἐγώ, I, σύ, thou, and οὗ (genitive), of him, of her, of it. Αὐτός, himself, is used as a personal pronoun for him, her, it, &c. in the oblique cases, but never in the nominative. They are thus declined :