creased immensely, and from similar causes.

The number of cases instituted in the years 1823, 1824, Civil litigation. 1825, and 1826, were only 18, 14, 21, and 43, respectively; the total value of the causes of action being Rs. 1,220, Rs. 734, Rs. 1,270 and Rs. 3,553, in each year. The largest amount at stake in any one case was Rs. 548. The returns of later years contrast strongly with these:

List showing number and value of cases disposed of, in several Civil Courts in Dehra Doon, during the last ten years.

The Court of Small Causes was established in December 1864.
The Sudder Ameen's Court was abolished in the year 1868.

Much of the modern litigation is due to the large number of Europeans either resident in the district or visiting the hills. Petty suits concerning master and servant, tradesman and customer, therefore mainly contribute to swell the list. Mussooree naturally presents the most encouraging field for displays of forensic talent, and helps to support more than one European pleader.

Education back

ward.

538. In education* the people are extremely backward, with the exception of those who have come under the beneficial influence of the Dehra American Mission. In the Doon, there is one solitary tuhseelee school, at Dehra, with an average daily attendance of about 30 scholars, and Jounsar Bawur boasts another at Kálsee, with a daily attendance of some 28 pupils. In the whole Doon there are but three village schools, with an attendance of about 78 boys; and Female Education, as reflected from the countenance of Government, has not more than 20 representatives at the outside. In Jounsar Bawur Proper, mental culture of the humblest description is merely nominal. No pretence of a thing so uncongenial to the temperament of the inhabitants was ever made before 1871-72. Mr. Robertson, having hinted at it in 1860, was compelled to report, "the Siánás set their faces so determinedly against having schools that it is useless to attempt to establish them." Subsequently the feuds between the villages were made an excuse for staving off the educational question. At last, three schools were established in 1871-72, to which five were added in 1872-73, and the sub-division can now, on a pinch, turn out no less than 112 professing scholars.

• Vide Appendix XXIII,

Chief Towns; Dehra.

539. The generally backward condition of the district has kept down the urban population, to which Dehra contributes about 7,300 souls. This town is situated in lat. 30° 18' 5S", long. 78° 4′ 27′′, at an elevation of more than 2,300 feet above the level of the sea, on the road from the plains. to the hills and, being the capital, distinguishes this tract as Dehra Doon, the Valley of Delira. Its foundation is commonly ascribed to Gooroo Rám Ráe, who, we have already seen, settled there at the end of the seventeenth century. His temple is the only edifice in the place with any pretentions to architectural beauty. In the native city, which lies south of the European station, there are, besides a 1st class Police station, a Tuhseelee, and a small Jail, a tuhseelee school, and a Government girls' school, both thinly attended, for, as more than once remarked above, the American Mission almost wholly monopolises the educational work of the district. It is divided into eight Mohullas; Dhamawálá, Teha (that of the well), Tuláb (of the tank), Jhunda (of the flag), Durshunee Durwaza, Khoorburah, Dandeepore, and Koomárhán. The station contains a fixed Anglo-Indian population of about 400 persons, being one of the largest in the North-West Provinces. To the west of it are the new cantonments of the 2nd Goorkha Rifles, or Sirmore Battalion. Until a few years ago, Dehra used also to be the head-quarters of the Viceroy's Body Guard. A church (St. Thomas') has been built there for the convenience of the residents who are members of the Anglican persuasion; in addition to Catholic and Presbyterian places of worship, the former in connection with the Mussooree Convent, the latter with the American Mission.

Dehra is one of the few post-towns* north of the Sewaliks, a Municipality, and the head-quarters of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, as also of the administrative district staff; a place, in fact, of no small importance, and the station itself is certainly the prettiest, perhaps the healthiest, in these provinces. Except Suhnspore, where there is a district post office, the only other postRajporo. town is Rajpore, whose population hardly entitles it to be considered more than a big village, while it contains only one institution worth noticing, the Dispensary, which does good work in the way of out-door relief, as may be perceived from the following returns t

The post office is "non-disbursing," like that of Rajpore.

+ These statistics are Dr. MacLaren's.

Landour.

540. The only other noteworthy places are the hill sanitaria of Mussooree and Landour, oriMussooree and ginally two separate stations, now grown into one, situated in latitude 30° 27' 30", longitude 78° 6' 30", and latitude 30° 27′ 30," longitude 78° 8′ 30′′, respectively, partly in Dehra Doon, partly in Teeree, the crest of the Himalaya forming the boundary between British and independent territory. Bunog, the loftiest mountain on the Mussooree side of the Himalayan range, attains, according to the Great Trigonometrical Survey Map, an elevation of 7,433 feet above the level of the sea, the highest point of Landour being 7,459 feet. As early as the year 1826, the salubrity of the climate, which has a temperature ranging from 27° to 80°, attracted European residents, and the united stations at present have a permanent Anglo-Indian population of at least 300, which is increased enormously during the hot season by the influx of visitors from the plains. The permanent native population, upwards of 3,000, is subject to a similar increase at the same period. A convalescent depôt for European British soldiers was established at Landour in 1827. The average number of invalids is about 200, the depôt affording accommodation for 186 single men and 24 families.* The staff consists of one Commandant, one Surgeon, and one Station Staff Officer. This sanitarium contains three churches, one Roman Catholic and two Protestant, (St. Paul's and Mr. Taylor's Free Church,) besides two or three private schools, a disbursing post office and two

* Information supplied by Colonel Angelo, R.A., Commanding at Landour.