Disease Management in Cocoa: Comparative epidemiology of witches’ broomThe Monograph deals with the conception, planning, implementation, results and conclusions of the International Witches' Broom Project (IWBP), which was set up in 1985 with the aim of producing an economic management system for witches' broom disease of cocoa. The contributions of the various sponsors, and the roles played by the participating organizations and scientists are described in the introductory chapter. Chapter 2 provides a review of what was, and what was not known from published literature about the cocoa witches' broom pathosystem in 1989. The scope of the project and the approaches used are covered in Chapter 3, while Chapters 4 to 13 report on the field studies themselves in detail. The recent appearance of witches' broom in the important cocoa area of Bahia in Brazil is described in Chapter 14, before disease management recommendations are summarised and future prospects considered in the closing chapters. The many man-years of field research in the IWBP in a total of six countries generated much useful information which was analyzed both in the individual countries and collectively. Even with a document of this size, certain information and analyses with less direct relevance to disease management had to be omitted. It is expected that more detailed treatments of certain aspects will emerge in scientific papers, and further analyses will be undertaken. |
From inside the book
Results 1-5 of 87
Page i
... broom can be too low to justify management measures ( e.g. Grenada and Trinidad ) ; The main factors affecting ... disease incidence areas , but are likely in low incidence areas . Tree architecture and management Phytosanitation can only be ...
... broom can be too low to justify management measures ( e.g. Grenada and Trinidad ) ; The main factors affecting ... disease incidence areas , but are likely in low incidence areas . Tree architecture and management Phytosanitation can only be ...
Page ii
... broom formation is over ; Secondary removal is to cope with the late - emerging brooms and those missed in the primary removal , and in most cases , to further reduce the number of productive brooms before the main period of pod set and ...
... broom formation is over ; Secondary removal is to cope with the late - emerging brooms and those missed in the primary removal , and in most cases , to further reduce the number of productive brooms before the main period of pod set and ...
Page 10
... disease has been reported from Bahia ( 1989 ) , the most important cocoa ... broom was studied from the beginning of this century it was not until 1915 ... disease on cultivated cocoa . Even isolates from other Theobroma species vary ...
... disease has been reported from Bahia ( 1989 ) , the most important cocoa ... broom was studied from the beginning of this century it was not until 1915 ... disease on cultivated cocoa . Even isolates from other Theobroma species vary ...
Page 11
... Disease Cycle There are two phases in the disease cycle ( Figure 2.1 ) . First C. perniciosa invades young tissue ... broom forms . In green brooms the mycelium of the fungus is composed of relatively wide ( 5-15 μm ) , intercellular ...
... Disease Cycle There are two phases in the disease cycle ( Figure 2.1 ) . First C. perniciosa invades young tissue ... broom forms . In green brooms the mycelium of the fungus is composed of relatively wide ( 5-15 μm ) , intercellular ...
Page 13
... broom , Stahel ( 1915 ) noted that basidiocarps formed on brooms , infected flower cushions and pods only during periods of rain . Later , he found that at these times basidiocarps could be produced on detached brooms laid on slatted ...
... broom , Stahel ( 1915 ) noted that basidiocarps formed on brooms , infected flower cushions and pods only during periods of rain . Later , he found that at these times basidiocarps could be produced on detached brooms laid on slatted ...
Contents
1 | |
11 | |
The IWBP studies | 21 |
introduction | 25 |
Brazil | 38 |
Comparative analysis and discussion | 49 |
Colombia Caldas and Llanos Orientales | 58 |
Ecuador | 73 |
Infection efficiency | 147 |
Disease management implications | 154 |
Implications for disease management | 163 |
Summary of results of sanitation | 182 |
94 | 184 |
Witches broom in Bahia Brazil | 189 |
101 | 190 |
recommendations | 201 |
Conclusions and disease management implications | 91 |
Grenada | 98 |
Trinidad | 114 |
Venezuela | 119 |
Conclusions | 129 |
Basidiocarp production | 135 |
Phenology of susceptible host tissue | 141 |
Future prospects for improvements in disease management | 213 |
IWBP committees | 221 |
IWBP experimental protocols | 229 |
References | 235 |
Index | 243 |
102 | 244 |
Other editions - View all
Disease Management in Cocoa: Comparative epidemiology of witches’ broom Rudgard,Maddison,Andebrhan Limited preview - 1993 |
Disease Management in Cocoa: Comparative epidemiology of witches’ broom Rudgard,Maddison,Andebrhan No preview available - 2012 |
Common terms and phrases
A.C. Maddison A/B junction active cushions Altamira Amazon Andebrhan Area Bahia basidiocarp production basidiospores Brazil broom count broom disease broom infected broom removal buds calibration canopy Chapter climate closed columns cocoa cocoa plantation Colombia Crinipellis perniciosa crop cushion brooms cushion infection disease incidence disease management diseased cushions diseased pods Distance from A/B dry season Ecuador experimental farmers Figure flower cushion activity fruit infection fungicide Grenada ground horizontal resistance incubation period indices infection courts infection² inoculum inoculum period Itabuna IWBP sites Llanos Manizales material moniliasis months numbers of basidiocarps occurred open columns Ouro Ouro Preto pathosystem peak period of basidiocarp phenology phytosanitation plantation planting produce basidiocarps programme rain rainfall rainy season recorded region resistance S.A. Rudgard sample trees sanitation seedlings shade shoot growth shoots and flower sporulation susceptible suspended vegetative brooms Table Táchira temperature Tomé Açu Trinidad variability vegetative flushing vegetative infections Venezuela weeks witches