Disease Management in Cocoa: Comparative epidemiology of witches’ broomThe Monograph deals with the conception, planning, implementation, results and conclusions of the International Witches' Broom Project (IWBP), which was set up in 1985 with the aim of producing an economic management system for witches' broom disease of cocoa. The contributions of the various sponsors, and the roles played by the participating organizations and scientists are described in the introductory chapter. Chapter 2 provides a review of what was, and what was not known from published literature about the cocoa witches' broom pathosystem in 1989. The scope of the project and the approaches used are covered in Chapter 3, while Chapters 4 to 13 report on the field studies themselves in detail. The recent appearance of witches' broom in the important cocoa area of Bahia in Brazil is described in Chapter 14, before disease management recommendations are summarised and future prospects considered in the closing chapters. The many man-years of field research in the IWBP in a total of six countries generated much useful information which was analyzed both in the individual countries and collectively. Even with a document of this size, certain information and analyses with less direct relevance to disease management had to be omitted. It is expected that more detailed treatments of certain aspects will emerge in scientific papers, and further analyses will be undertaken. |
From inside the book
Results 1-5 of 70
Page ii
... periods of cocoa or other crops of local importance ; Primary removal is to remove diseased material before the onset of the rains ( to avoid basidiocarp production ) , and is best timed 1-2 months after the main period of broom ...
... periods of cocoa or other crops of local importance ; Primary removal is to remove diseased material before the onset of the rains ( to avoid basidiocarp production ) , and is best timed 1-2 months after the main period of broom ...
Page 13
... basidiocarps formed with a wet period of 8 h / day , progressively less with periods of 16 h and 23 h . No basidiocarps formed with only one hour of wetness per day . Also , in an 8 h wet / 16 h dry regime , more basidiocarps were ...
... basidiocarps formed with a wet period of 8 h / day , progressively less with periods of 16 h and 23 h . No basidiocarps formed with only one hour of wetness per day . Also , in an 8 h wet / 16 h dry regime , more basidiocarps were ...
Page 14
... basidiocarps in 5 months . Patterns of fruiting were also apparent in these ... basidiocarp production and numbers of days with rain and evaporation ( real ) ... period over which basidiocarps produced spores from 85 h at 60 ° F ( 15.6 ...
... basidiocarps in 5 months . Patterns of fruiting were also apparent in these ... basidiocarp production and numbers of days with rain and evaporation ( real ) ... period over which basidiocarps produced spores from 85 h at 60 ° F ( 15.6 ...
Page 16
... basidiocarp production and cropping period in the particular area and takes advantage of any dry season when flushing is low and dry brooms can be seen more readily . Essentially it depends on the long ( induction ) period for basidiocarps ...
... basidiocarp production and cropping period in the particular area and takes advantage of any dry season when flushing is low and dry brooms can be seen more readily . Essentially it depends on the long ( induction ) period for basidiocarps ...
Page 17
... period can be several months . There is generally only one disease cycle per rainy season , that is , within the ... basidiocarp production and here excised brooms should be covered with leaf litter ( or banana leaves ) or removed from ...
... period can be several months . There is generally only one disease cycle per rainy season , that is , within the ... basidiocarp production and here excised brooms should be covered with leaf litter ( or banana leaves ) or removed from ...
Contents
1 | |
11 | |
The IWBP studies | 21 |
introduction | 25 |
Brazil | 38 |
Comparative analysis and discussion | 49 |
Colombia Caldas and Llanos Orientales | 58 |
Ecuador | 73 |
Infection efficiency | 147 |
Disease management implications | 154 |
Implications for disease management | 163 |
Summary of results of sanitation | 182 |
94 | 184 |
Witches broom in Bahia Brazil | 189 |
101 | 190 |
recommendations | 201 |
Conclusions and disease management implications | 91 |
Grenada | 98 |
Trinidad | 114 |
Venezuela | 119 |
Conclusions | 129 |
Basidiocarp production | 135 |
Phenology of susceptible host tissue | 141 |
Future prospects for improvements in disease management | 213 |
IWBP committees | 221 |
IWBP experimental protocols | 229 |
References | 235 |
Index | 243 |
102 | 244 |
Other editions - View all
Disease Management in Cocoa: Comparative epidemiology of witches’ broom Rudgard,Maddison,Andebrhan Limited preview - 1993 |
Disease Management in Cocoa: Comparative epidemiology of witches’ broom Rudgard,Maddison,Andebrhan No preview available - 2012 |
Common terms and phrases
A.C. Maddison A/B junction active cushions Altamira Amazon Andebrhan Area Bahia basidiocarp production basidiospores Brazil broom count broom disease broom infected broom removal buds calibration canopy Chapter climate closed columns cocoa cocoa plantation Colombia Crinipellis perniciosa crop cushion brooms cushion infection disease incidence disease management diseased cushions diseased pods Distance from A/B dry season Ecuador experimental farmers Figure flower cushion activity fruit infection fungicide Grenada ground horizontal resistance incubation period indices infection courts infection² inoculum inoculum period Itabuna IWBP sites Llanos Manizales material moniliasis months numbers of basidiocarps occurred open columns Ouro Ouro Preto pathosystem peak period of basidiocarp phenology phytosanitation plantation planting produce basidiocarps programme rain rainfall rainy season recorded region resistance S.A. Rudgard sample trees sanitation seedlings shade shoot growth shoots and flower sporulation susceptible suspended vegetative brooms Table Táchira temperature Tomé Açu Trinidad variability vegetative flushing vegetative infections Venezuela weeks witches