Obedience, passive, theory and practice of the Christian doctrine of, ii. 255.
Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their erection, ii. 218.
Oblations to the church, origin of, i. 563.

Obligations, human, the sources of, iv. 365, note M. Laws of the Romans
respecting, 366, note W.

Octavian family not obscure, as asserted by Gibbon, i. 85, note M.

Odenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposition to Sapor, king of
Persia, i. 318. Is associated in the empire by Gallienus, 324. Character
and fate of his queen Zenobia, 350, 351.

Odin, the long reign of his family in Sweden, i. 264, note. His history,
283. Uncertain hypothesis respecting, 284. His migration from Asiatic
Sarmatia into Sweden, 284, vide note. Gibbon's retractation of this
theory, 284, note M.

Odoacer, the first Barbarian king of Italy, iii. 510, note M. His character
and reign, 510, 511. Resigns all the Roman conquests beyond the Alps
to Euric, king of the Visigoths, 567. Is reduced and killed by Theod-
oric the Ostrogoth, iv. 10.

Dgors, or Varchonites, the, subdued by the Turks, iv. 204, note M.

Ohud, battle of, between Mahomet and Abu Sophian, prince of Mecca, v.
132.

Olga, princess of Russia, her baptism, v. 435.

Olive, its introduction into the Western World, i. 66.

Olybrius is raised to the Western empire by Count Ricimer, iii. 504.
Olympic games compared with the tournaments of the Goths, v. 563.
Olympiodorus, his account of the magnificence of the city of Rome, iii.
249. His account of the marriage of Adolphus, king of the Visigoths,
with the princess Placidia, 297, note. Error in the translation of a
passage of, 220.

Olympius, favorite of the emperor Honorius, alarms him with unfavorable
suspicions of the designs of Stilicho, iii. 232. Causes Stilicho to be put
to death, 233. His disgrace, and ignominious death, 274.

Omar, caliph of the Saracens, v. 154. His character, 173. His journey to
Jerusalem, 210. His reign, 213, 220, 221, 229, 233.

Ommiyah, elevation of the house of, to the office of caliph of the Saracens,
v. 161. Why not the objects of public favor, 291. Destruction of, 294.
White the emblem of the Ommiade dynasty, 295.

Oracles, Heathen, are silenced by Constantine the Great, ii. 365.

Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, his reign, vi. 227. Marries the daughter
of the Greek emperor Cantacuzene, 231.

Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the church, an account of, ii.
282. Their celibacy, when it was imposed, 282, note M.

Orestes is sent ambassador from Attila, king of the Huns, to the emperor
Theodosius the Younger, iii. 406. His history, and promotion under the
Western emperors, 509. His son Augustulus the last emperor of the
West, 509, 513.

prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish mob in Alexandria,

iv. 501.
Origen declares the number of primitive martyrs to be very inconsiderable,
ii. 33. The context to be considered, 32, note G. His conference with
the empress Mammæa, 50. His memory persecuted by the emperor
Justinian and his clergy, iv. 531.

Orleans besieged by Attila, king of the Huns, and relieved by Etius and
Theodoric, iii. 434, 435.

Osius, bishop of Cordova, his great influence with Constantine the Great,
ii. 268, note. Prevails on Constantine to ratify the Nicene creed, 326.
Is with difficulty prevailed on to concur in deposing Athanasius, 344, 345.
Osrhoene, the small kingdom of, reduced by the Romans, i. 242.
Ossian, his poems, whether to be connected with the invasion of Caledo-
nia by the emperor Severus, i. 153, notes Is said to have disputed with
a Christian missionary, 582, note

Ostia, the port of, described, iii. 277.

Othman, caliph of the Saracens, v. 155-173.

-, the father of the Ottomans, his reign, vi. 225.

Otho I., king of Germany, restores and appropriates the Western empire,
v. 55. Claims by treaty the nomination of the pope of Rome, 59. De-
feats the Turks, 419.

II. deposes Pope John XII., and chastises his party at Rome, v. 515.
bishop of Frisengen, his character as an historian, vi. 443, note.
Ottomans, origin and history of the, vi. 225, note M. They obtain an
establishment in Europe, 233.

Ovid is banished to the banks of the Danube, ii. 168. His description of
the Getæ and Sarmatians, 168. Character of his "Epistles," 168.
Oxyrinchus, in Egypt, monkish piety of that city, iii. 523.

P.

Paccatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius the Great, ii. 109.
Pæderasty, how punished by the Scatinian law, iv. 377. By Justinian, 379.
Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term, ii. 368, note.
Paganism, the ruin of, suspended by the divisions among the Christians,
ii. 368. Theological system of the emperor Julian, 415. General review
of the ecclesiastical establishment and jurisdiction of, before it was sub-
verted by Christianity, iii. 132. Renounced by the Roman senate, 137,
138, note M. The Pagan sacrifices prohibited, 139, note M. The tem-
ples demolished, 142. Vestiges of, in rural districts, to be traced to a
later period, 155, note M. The ruin of, deplored by the sophists, 155.
Pagan ceremonies revived in Christian churches, 161.
Palæologus Constantine, the last Greek emperor, his reign, vi. 365. Is
killed in the storm of Constantinople, by the Turks, 402.

-, John, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 183 Marries the daugh-
ter of John Cantacuzene, 190. Takes up arms against Cantacuzene, and
is reduced to flight, 192. His restoration, 193. Discord between him and
his sons, 242. His treaty with Pope Innocent VI., 296. Visits Urban
V. at Rome, 297.

John II., his zeal, vi. 308. His voyage to Italy, 312.

Manuel, associated with his father John in the Greek empire,
vi. 242. Tribute exacted from him by Sultan Bajazet, 243. His treaties
with Soliman and Mahomet, the sons of Bajazet VI., 283. Visits the
courts of Europe, 297. Private motives of his European negotiations
explained, 306. His death, 307.

Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief replies to the negotia-
tions of Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople, vi. 124. His family
and character, 146. His elevation to the throne, 148, 150. His return
to Constantinople, 151. Blinds and banishes his young associate, John
Lascaris, 152. He is excommunicated by the patriarch Arsenius, 153.
Associates his son Andronicus in the empire, 155. His union with the
Latin church, 156. Instigates the revolt of Sicily, 163.

Palatines, and Borderers, origin and nature of these distinctions in the
Roman troops, ii. 126.

Palermo taken by Belisarius by stratagem, iv. 151.

Palestine, character of, i. 27. Fertility of, vindicated, 27, 28, note M.
Palladium of Rome, described, iii. 132, note.

Palladius, the notary, sent by Valentinian to Africa, to inquire into the
government of Count Romanus, connives with him in oppressing the
province, ii. 570.

Palmyra, description of, and its destruction by the emperor Aurelian, i.
355, 356, 357, 358.

Panatius, teacher of the Stoic philosophy at Rome, iv. 322, note.
Pandects of Justinian, how formed, iv. 331.

Panhypersebastos, import of that title in the Greek empire, v. 353.

Pannonia described, i. 25.

Pantheon at Rome, by whom erected, i. 55, note. Is converted into a
Christian church, iii. 142, 143.

Pantomimes, Roman, described, iii. 148, 149.

Paper, where and when the manufacture of, was first found out, v. 188,
note.

Papinian, the celebrated lawyer, created prætorian præfect by the emperor
Severus, i. 148. His death, 159.

Papirius, Caius, reasons for concluding that he could not be the author of
the Jus Papirianum, iv. 302, note, vide note W.

Papists, proportion their number bore to that of the Protestants in Eng-
land at the beginning of the last century, ii. 258, note.

Para, king of Armenia, his history, ii. 578. Is treacnerously killed by the
Romans, 581. Described as a magician, 581, note M.

Parabolani of Alexandria, account of, iv. 500, note.
Paradise, Mahomet's, described, v. 118, 119.

Paris, description of that city under the government of Julian, ii. 246.
Situation of his palace, 375, note.

Parthia, its people described, i. 227, note M. Subdued by Artaxerxes, king
of Persia, 238. Its constitution of government similar to the feudal
system of Europe, 238. Recapitulation of the war with Rome, 240, 242.
Paschal II., his troublesome pontificate, vi. 427.

Passion, the, observations on the darkness during the crucifixion, i. 589,
590, note, vide note G.

Pastoral manners better adapted to the fierceness of war than to peace,
iii. 4. The nomad tribes of Central Asia, 4, note M.

Paternal authority, extent of, by the Roman laws, iv. 341, note M. Suc-
cessive limitations of, 343.

Patras, extraordinary deliverance of, from the Sclavonians and Saracens,
v. 344.

Patricians, the order of, under the Roman republic, and under the empe
rors, compared, ii. 114. Under the Greek empire, their rank explained,
v. 29, 30.

Patrick, tutelar saint of Ireland, derivation of his name, iii. 513, note.
Pavia, massacre of the friends of Stilicho there, by the instigations of
Olympius, iii. 233. Is taken by Alboin, king of the Lombards, who
fixes his residence there, iv. 396, 397.

Paul, St., martyrdom of, i. 561. His Epistle to the Romans, 561, note M.
of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his character and history, ii. 53, 54,
note G., 54, note M.

archbishop of Constantinople, his fatal contest with his competitor'
Macedonius, ii. 357.
Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious descent, iii. 246. Was owner of
the city of Nicopolis, 250. Her monastic zeal, 527.

Paulicians, origin and character of, v. 385, note M. Are persecuted by the
Greek emperors, 390. They revolt, 392. They are reduced, and trans-
planted to Thrace, 394. Their present state, 397. Imbued with Gnos-
ticism, 399, note M.

Paulina, wife of the tyrant Maximin, softens his ferocity by gentle counsels,
i. 202, note, vide note G.

Paulinus, master of the offices to Theodosius the Younger, his crime, and
execution, iii. 356.

bishop of Nola, his history, iii. 292.

patriarch of Aquileia, flies from the Lombards with his treasure
into the Island of Grado, iv. 396.

Peace, temple of, at Rome, i. 59, note W.

Peers, house of, its increase since the time of Gibbon and policy thereof
iv. 339, note M.

Pegasians, the party of, among the Roman civilians, iv. 326.

Pekin, the city of, taken by Zingis, the Mogul emperor, vi. 209, 210, notes,

Pelagian controversy agitated by the Latin clergy, iii. 224, 225. And in
Britain, 320.

Pella, the church of the Nazarenes settled there, on the destruction of Je-
rusalem, i. 515, 516, note M.

Peloponnesus, state of, under the Greek empire, v. 243. Manufactures,
345, 346.

Penal laws of Rome, the abolition and revival of, iv. 573, 574.

Pendragon, his office and power in Britain, iii. 320.

Penitentials of the Greek and Latin churches, history of, v. 547.

Pepin, king of France, assists the pope of Rome against the Lombards, v.
25, 26, note M. Receives the title of king by papal sanction, 28. Grants
the exarchate to the pope, 31.

John, count of Minorbino, reduces the tribune Rienzi, and restores
aristocracy and church government at Rome, vi. 488.

Pepper, its high estimation and price at Rome, iii. 272, note.

Perennis, minister of Commodus, his exaltation and downfall, i. 106.
Periplus, or circumnavigation of the Euxine by Arrian, iv. 224, note.

Perisabor, or Fyrouz Schapour, a city of Assyria, reduced and burned by
the emperor Julian, ii. 482, vide note M.

Perozes, king of Persia, his fatal expedition against the Nepthalites, iv.
99, note M.

Nar-

Persarmenia, churches of, persecuted by the Magi, iv. 428, note M.
Persecutions, ten, of the primitive Christians, a review of, ii. 45, 47, note
M., 50, notes G. and M., 53, note G., 61, 74, note M., 80, note M.
Perseus, amount of the treasures taken from that prince, i. 186.
Persia, the monarchy of, restored by Artaxerxes, i. 228, note M. The re-
ligion of the Magi reformed, 229, note M. Abridgment of the Persian
theology, 231. Simplicity of their worship, 233. Ceremonies and moral
precepts, 234. Every other mode of worship prohibited but that of Zor-
oaster, 238. Extent and population of the country, 239. Its military
power, 247. Account of the audience given by the emperor Carus to the
ambassadors of Varanes, 391. The throne of, disputed by the brothers
Narses and Hormuz, 422. Galerius defeated by the Persians, 423.
ses overthrown in his turn by Galerius, 425. Articles of peace agreed on
between the Persians and the Romans, 426. War between Sapor, king
of, and the emperor Constantius, ii. 181, note M. Battle of Singara,
182. Sapor invades Mesopotamia, 225. The Persian territories invaded
by the emperor Julian, 476. Passage of the Tigris, 489. Julian harassed
in his retreat, 497. Treaty of peace between Sapor and the emperor Jo-
vian, 508, note M. Reduction of Armenia, and death of Sapor, 577.
The silk trade, how carried on from China through Persia, for the sup-
ply of the Roman empire, iv. 68. Death of Perozes, in an expedition
against the white Huns, 99. Review of the reigns of Cabades, and his
son Chosroes, iv. 210, 211, note M. Anarchy of, after the death of Chos-
roes II., 483. Ecclesiastical history of, 541. Invasion of, by the caliph
Abubeker, v. 176. Battle of Cadesia, 177, 178. Sack of Ctesiphon, 180.
Conquest of, by the Saracens, 183. The Magian religion supplanted by
Mahometism, 264. The power of the Arabs crushed by the dynasty of
the Bowides, 328. Persia subdued by the Turks, 507. Conquest of, by
the Moguls, vi. 215, note M. By Tamerlane, 251, note M.

Pertinax, his character, and exaltation to the Imperial throne, i. 116, 119.
His funeral and apotheosis, 137.

Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, assumes the Imperial dignity on the
death of Pertinax, i. 131.

Petavius, character of his Dogmata Theologica, iv. 487, note.

Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maurice, his injurious treatment of
the citizens of Azimuntium, iv. 447.

-, I., czar of Russia, his conduct towards his son contrasted with that
of Constantine the Great, ii. 161.

of Arragon assumes the kingdom of Sicily, vi. 161.

Peter, St., his and St. Paul's martyrdom, i. 561.
strictly speaking, not founded by, 561, note M.
pierre, corresponding with Tεтpоs, 561, notes.

The church of Rome,
On the words cephas,

Bartholemy, his miraculous discovery of the Holy Lance, v. 586.
His strange death, 588, note M.

of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 114.

the Hermit, his character and scheme to recover the Holy Land
from the infidels, v. 537. Leads the first crusaders, 553. Failure of his
zeal, 585, note M.

Petra, the city of, taken by the Persians, iv. 232. Is besieged by the Ro-
mans, 233. Is demolished, 235.

Petrarch, his studies and literary character, vi. 328. And history, 466.
His account of the ruin of the ancient buildings of Rome, 531.
Pfeffel, character of his history of Germany, v. 70, note.
Phalanx, Grecian, compared with the Roman legion, i. 15.

Pharamond, the actions, and foundation of the French monarchy by him,
of doubtful authority, iii. 313, 314, vide note M.

Pharas commands the Heruli, in the African war under Belisarius, iv. 119,
Pursues Gelimer, 135. His letter to Gelimer, 136, 137.

Pharisees, account of that sect among the Jews, i. 531.

Phasis, river, its course described, iv. 225.

Pheasant, derivation of the name of that bird, iv. 226.

Philæ, isle of, or Elephantine, i. 417, note M.

Philelphus, Francis, his character of the Greek language of Constanti-
nople, vi. 324. Adventures of, 324, 325, notes.

Philip I., of France, his limited dominion and power, v. 54.

Augustus of France engages in the third crusade, vi. 30, 31.

prætorian præfect under the third Gordian, raised to the empire on

his death, i. 221. Was a favorer of the Christians, ii. 51.

-, prætorian præfect of Constantinople, conveys the bishop Paul into
banishment clandestinely, ii. 358.

Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 581.

Philippopolis taken and sacked by the Goths, i. 290, note G.
Philo, a character of his works, ii. 303, note.

Philopatris, dialogue of the, i. 391, notes M.

Philosophy, Grecian, review of the various sects of, i. 35.

Phineus, the situation of his palace, ii. 88.

Phocæa is settled by Genoese, who trade in alum, vi. 282.

Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by the disaffected troops of the
Eastern empire, iv. 450. Murders the emperor Maurice, and his chil-
dren, 452. His character, 454. His fall, and death, 455, 456.
Phoenicia described, i. 27.

Photius, the son of Antonina, distinguishes himself at the siege of Naples,
iv. 184. Is exiled, 185. Betrays his mother's vices to Belisarius, 186.
Turns monk, 188.

- patriarch of Constantinople, character of his library, v. 379. His
quarrel with the pope of Rome, vi. 51.

the patrician, kills himself to escape the persecution of Justinian,
iv. 529.
Phranza, George, the Greek historian, some account of, vi. 306, note. His
embassies, 365, 366. His fate on the taking of Constantinople by the
Turks, 405.

Picardy, derivation of the name of that province, v. 537, note.

Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favor of Jesus Christ much improved by
the primitive fathers, ii. 46.

Pilpay's Fables, history and character of, iv. 216. Translations of, 216,
note M.

Pinna marina, a kind of silk manufactured from the threads spun by this
fish, by the Romans, iv. 68, note.

Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, espoused by Gallienus, i. 305.