of the empire under four conjunct princes, 438. Their expensive estab-
lishments call for more burdensome taxes, 439. Titles of Dominus, and
of Basileus, or king, 436. Diocletian and Maximian affect the style and
attributes of Divinity, 436. The former assumes a diadem, 437. His
Imperial robe and jewels, 437. The pomp and state of the republican
consuls was magisterial, the ceremony and magnificence of these empe-
rors personal, 436, notes G. and M. Diocletian and Maximian abdicate
the empire, 441. Six emperors existing at one time, 446. The senate
and people apply to Constantine to deliver them from the tyranny of
Maxentius, 474. Laws of Constantine, 493. Constantine remains sole
emperor, 502. History of the progress and establishment of Christianity,
503. Pretensions of the bishop of Rome, when deduced, 561. State of
the church at Rome at the time of the persecution by Nero, 579. The
memorable edicts of Diocletian and his associates against the Christians,
ii. 63, 66. His cruel persecution, 69, note G. Account of the building
and establishment of the rival city of Constantinople, 87. New forms
of administration established there, 106. Division of the Roman em-
pire among the sons of Constantine, 176. Establishment of Christianity
as the national_religion, 277. Paganism restored by Julian, 423, and
Christianity by Jovian, 519. The empire divided into the East and West
by Valentinian, 529. Civil institutions by Valentinian, 530. The crafty
avarice of the clergy restrained by Valentinian, 549. Great earthquake,
iii. 1. Laws passed for the relief of Rome and Italy, 229. Triumph
of Honorius for the reduction of Spain by Wallia, 311, 312. Indica-
tions of the ruin of the empire at the death of Valentinian, 457. General
observations on the history of the Roman empire, 633.
Rome, city of, fortified against the inroads of the Alemanni, i. 346. The
last triumph celebrated at Rome, 431. Constantine enters the city
victorious, 480. Narrative of the fire of Rome in the reign of Nero,
ii. 16. The Christians persecuted as the incendiaries, 17. Tumults
excited by the rival bishops Liberius and Felix, 356 Bloody contest
of Damasus and Ursinus for the bishopric of Rome, 551.
emperor Theodosius visits the city, iii. 106. Inquiry into the cause
of the corruption of morals in his reign, 123. Review of the Pagan
establishment, 132. The Pagan religion renounced by the senate,
138. Sacrifices prohibited, 140. The Pagan religion prohibited, 151.
Triumph of Honorius and Stilicho over Alaric the Goth, 208. Alaric
encamps under the walls of the city, 243. Rospect of the state of
the city when besieged by Hannibal, 244. Wealth of the nobles and
magnificence of the city, 249. Character of the nobles of, by Ammianus
Marcellinus, 252. State and character of the common people, 269.
Public distributions of bread, &c., 261. Public baths, 262. Games and
spectacles, 263. Attempts to ascertain the population of the city, 265.
The citizens suffer by famine, 269. Plague, 270. Besieged by Alaric,
268. The retreat of Alaric purchased by a ransom, 271. Is again be-
sieged by Alaric, 277. The senate unites with him in electing Attalus
emperor, 278. The city seized a third time by Alaric, and plundered,
281. Comparison between this event and the sack of Rome by the
emperor Charles V., 290. Alaric quits Rome and ravages Italy, 291.
Is preserved from the hands of Attila by a ransom, 449, 450. Sack of
the city by Genseric, king of the Vandals, 463. The public buildings of,
protected from depredation by the laws of Majorian, 477. Is sacked again
by the patrician Ricimer, 506. Augustulus, the last emperor of the
West, 509. The decay of the Roman spirit remarked, 515. History of
monastic institutions in, 520. Prosperity of the city under the govern-
ment of Theodoric, iv. 19, 23. Account of the four factions in the cir-
cus, 56. First introduction of silk among the Romans, 66. The office
of consul suppressed by Justinian, 110. The city receives Belisarius,
159. Siege of, by the Goths, 159. Distressful siege of, by Totila, the
Goth, 225. Is taken, 257. Is recovered by Belisarius, 260. Is again
taken by Totila, 264. Is taken by the eunuch Narses, 272. Extinction
of the senate, 273. The city degraded to the second rank under the
exarchs of Ravenna, 281. A review of the Roman laws, 298 et seq.,
notes W. and M. Extent of the duchy of, under the exarchs of Raven-
na, 408. Miserable state of the city, 416. Pontificate of Gregory the
Great, 421. The government of the city new modelled under the popes,
after their revolt from the Greek emperors, v. 24. Is attacked by the
Lombards, and delivered by King Pepin, 25, 26. The office and rank of
exarchs and patricians explained, 30. Reception of Charlemagne by
Pope Adrian Ì., 30. Origin of the temporal power of the popes, 31.
Mode of electing a pope, 58. Is menaced by the Saracens, 314. Pros-
perous pontificate of Leo IV., 315, 317. Is besieged and taken by the
emperor Henry III., 478. Great part of the city burnt by Robert Guis-
card, in the cause of Pope Gregory VII., 479. The history of, resumed,
after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, vi. 420. French and
German emperors of, 421. Authority of the popes, 422. Restoration of
the republican form of government, 434. Office of senator, 439. Wars
against the neighboring cities, 446._ Institution of the jubilee,456. Revo-
lution in the city, by the tribune Rienzi, 471. His character, 481, note
M. Calamities flowing from the schism of the papacy, 499. Statutes
and government of the city, 505. Porcaro's conspiracy, 507. The eccle-
siastical government of, 512. Reflections of Poggius on the ruin of the
city, 516. Four principal causes of its ruin specified, 519. The Coli-
scum of Titus, 532, 533, note M. Restoration and ornaments of the city,
539.
Romilda, the betrayer of Friuli to the Avars, her cruel treatment by them,
iv. 464, 465.
Rosamond, daughter of Cunimund, king of the Gepida, her marriage with
Alboin, king of the Lombards, iv. 390, 392. Conspires his murder, 397,
398. Her flight and death, 398, 399.
Roum, the Seljukian kingdom of, formed, v. 526.
Roxolani, account of their chiefs, iii. 28, notes.
Rudbeck, Olaus, summary abridgment of the arguments in his Atlantica,
i. 256, note.
Rufinus, the confidential minister of the emperor Theodosius the Great,
stimulates his cruelty against Thessalonica, ii. 115. His character and
administration, iii. 165. His death, 177.
Rugilas, the Hun, his settlement in Hungary, iii. 387, note M.
Runic characters, the antiquity of, traced, i. 257, note, and note M.
Russia, origin of the Russ, iii. 28, notes. Of the monarchy of, v. 421, note
M. Geography and trade of, 424. Naval expeditions of the Russians
against Constantinople, 427. Reign of the czar Swatoslaus, 431. The
Russians converted to Christianity, 434. Is conquered by the Moguls,
vi. 217. State of the Greek church of, in the time of Cardinal Isidore,
346.
Rustan, a Persian nobleman, a saying of his, expressive of the danger of
living under despots, i. 98.
Rutilius, his character of the monks of Capraria, iii. 184.
Sabellius, the heresiarch, his opinions afterwards adopted by his antago-
nists, ii. 313. His doctrine of the Trinity, 316. The Sabellians unite
with the Tritheists, at the council of Nice, to overpower the Arians, 318.
Sabians, their astronomical mythology, v. 96.
Sabinian obtains the command of the eastern provinces from Constantius,
ii. 230.
general of the East, is defeated by Theodoric the Ostrogoth,
king of Italy, iv. 18.
Sabinians, origin of the sect of, in the Ruan civil law, iv. 325.
Sacrifices of oxen and sheep, ii. 436. Of camels, 436, note M. Sin lar
sacrifices sanctioned by the Koran, v. 115, note M.
Sadducees, account of that sect among the Jews, i. 531.
Saffauh, or Abul Abbas, establishes the dynasty of the Abbas side caliphs,
v. 293, note M.
Saladin, his birth, promotion, and character, vi. 21. Conquers the kingdom
of Jerusalem, 24, 27. His ineffectual siege of Tyre, 28. Siege of Acre,
30. His negotiations with Richard I. of England, 31. His death, 35.
Salerno, account of the medical school of, v. 462.
Salian tribe governed by Clovis, iii. 569.
Salic laws, history of, iii. 599, note M. Choice permitted to individuals as
to which code (the Salic or the Roman) they would abide by, 592,
vide note M.
Sallust, the præfect, and friend of the emperor Julian, ii. 399, notes. De-
clines the offer of the diadem on his death, 504. Declines it again on
the death of Jovian, 525. Is retained in his employment by the emperor
Valentinian, 529, 541.
the historian, by what funds he raised his palace on the Quirinal
hill, iii. 286, note.
Salona, the retreat of the emperor Diocletian, described, i. 445.
Salvian, his account of the distress and rebellion of the Bagaudæ, iii.
458, note.
Samanides, the Saracen dynasty of, v. 327.
Samaritans, persecution and extinction of, by Justinian, iv. 530.
Samuel, the prophet, his ashes conveyed to Constantinople, iii. 156.
Sapor, king of Persia, procures the assassination of Chosroes, king of
Armenia, and seizes the country, i. 315. Defeats the emperor Valerian,
and takes him prisoner, 316. Sets up Cyriades as successor to Valerian
in the Roman empire, 316. Overruns Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia,
317. His death, 356.
the son of Hormouz, is crowned king of Persia, before his birth,
ii. 177, note M. His character and early heroism, 178. Harasses the
eastern provinces of the Roman empire, 179, note M. Battle of Singara
against the emperor Constantius, 182. His son brutally killed by Con-
stantius, 183. His several attempts on Nisibis, 183. Concludes a truce
with Constantius, 186. His haughty propositions to Constantius, 222. In
vades Mesopotamia, 225. Reduces Amida, 226. Returns home, 229
His peaceful overtures to the emperor Julian, 464. His consternation
at the successes of Julian, 492. Harasses the retreat of the Romans,
497. His treaty with the emperor Jovian, 508. His reduction of Arme-
nia, and death, 576, 579.
Saracens, various definitions of that appellation, v. 85, note. Successions
of the caliphs, 153. Their rapid conquests, 174. Conquest of Persia,
183. Siege of Damascus, 192. Battle of Yermuk, and conquest of
Syria, 207. Of Egypt, 220. Invasions of Africa, 235, 240. Their mili-
tary character, 369.
Sabar, the Persian general, joins the Avars, in besieging Constantinople,
iv. 475. Revolts to the emperor Heraclius, 477.
Sardinia, expulsion of the Vandals from, by Marcellinus, iii. 494. Is con-
quered by Zano, the brother of Gelimer, king of the Vandals, iv. 130.
Is surrendered to Belisarius, 133.
Sarmatians, memorable defeat of, by the emperor Carus, i. 390. Their
manners described, ii. 166. Brief history of, 168. They apply to Con-
stantine the Great for assistance against the Goths, 169. Are expelled
their country by the Limigantes, 171. Are restored by Constantius, 224.
Savage manners, a brief view of, i. 257. Are more uniform than those of
civilized nations, iii. 3.
Sarus, the Goth, plunders the camp of Stilicho, and drives him into the
hands of the emperor at Ravenna, iii. 234. Insults Alaric, and occa-
sions the sacking of Rome, 231. Is killed by Adolphus, king of the Visi
goths, 306, note M.
Saturninus, one of the competitors for empire against Gallienus, his obser-
vation on his investiture, i. 324.
lieutenant under the emperor Probus in the East, is driven
into rebellion by his troops, i. 385.
Sauce, punishment inflicted on the inventor of a new sauce if disagreeable
to the Imperial palate, i. 172, note.
Saxons, ancient, an account of, ii. 560. Their piratical confederations,
561. Their invasions of Gaul checked by the Romans, 562. How con-
verted to Christianity, iii. 543. Descent of the Saxons in Britain, 616.
Their brutal desolation of the country, 624. Their relations with Char-
lemagne, v. 52, 53, note M.
Scanderbeg, prince of Albania, his history, vi. 360, 361, notes.
Scatinian law of the Romans, account of, iv. 378.
Scaurus, the patrician family of, how reduced under the emperors, ii. 113,
Schism in religion, the origin of, traced, i. 520.
Science reducible to four classes, v. 303.
Sclavonians, their national character, iv. 196. Their barbarous inroads on
the Eastern empire, 198. Of Dalmatia, account of, v. 407.
Scots and Picts, the nations of, how distinguished, ii. 563. Invasions of
Britain by, 565, 566, note M. The charge of cannibalism denied by Dr.
Parr, 567, note M.
Scythians and Tartars, this name vaguely applied to mixed tribes of Barba-
rians, i. 249, note G. Their pastoral manners, iii. 4. Extent and bounda-
ries of Scythia, 12, vide note M. Revolutions of, 213. Their mode of
war, 397.
Sebastian, master-general of the infantry under the emperor Valens, his
successful expedition against the Goths, iii. 47. Is killed in the battle of
Hadrianople, 51.
the brother of the usurper Jovinus, is associated with him in
his assumed Imperial dignities, iii. 306.
Sebastocrator, import of that title in the Greek empire, v. 353.
Seez, in Normandy, the bishop and chapter castrated, vi. 426, note.
Segestan, the princes of, support their independence obstinately against
Artaxerxes, i. 239, note.
Segued, emperor of Abyssinia, converted by the Jesuits, iv. 565.
Selden, his sententious character of transubstantiation, v. 1, note.
Seleucia, the great city of, ruined by the Romans, i. 241.
Seleucus Nicator, number of cities founded by him, i. 239, note.
Seljuk, Turkish dynasty of the house of, v. 508. Division of their empire,
523, note M.
Senate of Rome is reformed by Augustus, i. 74, note M. Its legislative and
judicial powers, 82. Abortive attempt of, to resume its right after the
murder of Caligula, 88. Its legal jurisdiction over the emperors, 119.
Is subjected to military despotism by Severus, 148. Women excluded
from this assembly by a solemn law, 176. The form of a secret meeting,
206. Measures taken to support the authority of the two Gordians, 207.
The senate elect Maximus and Ballinus emperors on the deaths of the
Gordians, 209. They drive the Alemanni out of Italy, 304. The sena-
tors forbid to exercise military employments by Gallienus, 304. Elect
Tacitus, the father of the senate, emperor, 370. Prerogatives gained to
the senate by this election, 371. Their power and authority annihilated
by Diocletian, 434. Amount of the coronary gold, or customary free
gift of, to the emperors, ii. 150. The claim of Julian to the empire
admitted, 389. Petitions of, to the emperors, for the restoration of the
altar of victory, iii. 134. The Pagan religion renounced, 137. Debates
of, on the proposals of Alaric the Goth, 230. Genealogy of the senators,
246. Passes a decree for putting to death Serena, the widow of Stilicho,
269. Under the influence of Alaric, elects Attalus emperor, 278. Trial
of Arvandus, a prætorian præfect of Gaul, 500. Surrenders the sovereign
power of Italy to the emperor of the East, 501. Extinction of that
illustrious assembly, iv. 273. Restoration of, in the twelfth century, vi.
434, 438. The assembly resolved into single magistrates, 439.
Serapion, his lamentation for the loss of a personified deity, iv. 494.
Serapis, history of his worship, and of his temple at Alexandria, iii. 143.
The temple destroyed, 145.
Serena, niece of the emperor Theodosius, married to Stilicho, iii. 174. /
Cruelly strangled by order of the Roman senate, 269.
Sergeant, legal and military import of that term, vi. 76, note.
Serica and Thinæ, of the ancients, iv. 68, note M.
Severinus, St., encourages Odoacer to assume the dominion of Italy, iii.
511. His body, how disposed of, 515, note.
Severus is declared Cæsar on the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian,
i. 458. His death, 462.
is appointed general of the cavalry in Gaul under Julian, ii. 236.
Septimius, his stone wall between Carlisle and Newcastle, i. 5,
note M. General of the Pannonian legions, assumes the purple on the
death of Pertinax, 133. His conduct towards the Christians, ii. 48.
Shepherds and warriors, their respective modes of life compared, iii. 4,
note M.
Shiites, a sect of Mahometans, their distinction from the Sonnites, v. 156.
Siberia, extreme coldness of the climate, and miserable state of the natives
of, iii. 15. Is seized and occupied by the Tartars, vi. 220.
Sibylline books, in the custody of the Quindecemvirs, iii. 132.
Sicily, reflections on the distractions in that island, i. 326. Is conquered
by the Saracens, v. 512. Introduction of the silk manufacture there, 347.
Exploits of the Normans there, 450. Is conquered by Count Roger, 464.
Roger, son of the former, made king of, 482. Reign of William the
Bad, 493. Reign of William the Good, 494. Conquest of, by the em-
peror Henry VI., 496. Is subdued by Charles of Anjou, vi. 160. The
Sicilian Vespers, 164.
Sidonius Apollinaris, the poet, his humorous treatment of the capitation
tax, ii. 146, note M. His character of Theodoric, king of the Visigoths
in Gaul, iii. 467. His panegyric on the emperor Avitus, 471. His pane-
gyric on the emperor Anthemius. 491.
Siganfu, celebrated inscription of, iv. 545, note. Its authenticity vindi-
cated, 545, note M.
Sigismond, king of the Burgundians, murders his son, and is canonized,
iii. 580. Is overwhelmed by an army of Franks, 581.
Silentiarius, Paul, his account of the various species of stone and marble
employed in the church of St. Sophia, iv. 88, note.
Silk, first manufactured in China, and then in the small Grecian island of
Ceos, iv. 66. A peculiar kind of silk procured from the pinna marina,
68. The silk-worm, how introduced to Greece, 71. Progress of the
manufacture of, in the tenth century, v. 345.
Silver and brass, relative value of, i. 10, note M.
Simeon, persecutor of the Paulicians, becomes a proselyte to their opin-
ions, v. 390.
king of Bulgaria, his exploits, v. 408.
Stylites, the hermit, his extraordinary mode of life, iii. 538.
Simony, an early instance of, ii. 54, note.
Simplicius, one of the last surviving Pagan philosophers of Athens, his
writings and character, iii. 109.
Singara, battle of, between the emperor Constantius and Sapor, king of
Persia, ii. 182-239. The city of, reduced by Sapor, 182-239. Is
yielded to him by Jovian, 509.
Singeric, brother of Sarus, is made king of the Goths, iii. 310.
Singidunum taken by Baian, chagan of the Avars, iv. 444.
Sirmium is perfidiously taken by Baian, iv. 444.
Siroes deposes and murders his father Chosroes II., king of Persia, iv. 482,
483, note M. His treaty of peace with the emperor Heraclius, 484.
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