at Washington, and he was fully satisfied that, like all the other specimens in existence, it is of no value in itself, and was made from a wornout copy of the bust. The Washington here presented is from a photograph taken by Mr. Story in Rome, and from his own copy of the mask.

When Houdon came to America in 1785 to make the bust of Washington, he was the companion of Benjamin Franklin, and he was, in all probability, the author of this cast of Franklin's face, taken in Paris that year as a model for the wellknown Houdon bust of Franklin, which it somewhat resembles. The original mask was sold for ten francs. after the death of the artist in Paris in 1828.

The familiars of Franklin have shown that his face in his old age changed in a very marked degree. He was in his seventy-eighth or his sev

enty-ninth year when he sat for Houdon in 1784-5. Many of the features of the Franklin cast as here reproduced, the long square chin, the sinking just beneath the under lip, the shape of the nose, and the formation of the cheek-bones, are strongly preserved in the face of one of his great-granddaughters living in Philadelphia to-day.

Leigh Hunt in his Autobiography said that Franklin and Thomas Paine were frequently guests at the house of his maternal grandfather in Philadelphia when his mother was a girl. She remembered them both distinctly; and in her old age she told her son that while she had great affection and admiration for Franklin, Paine "had a countenance that inspired her with terror." Hunt was inclined to at

W. T. SHERMAN.

tribute this in a great measure to Paine's political and religious views, both of them naturally obnoxious and shocking to the daughter of a Pennsylvania Tory and rigid churchman. Concerning the physical as well as the moral traits of the author of the Age of Reason, there seems to have been great diversity of opinion. To paraphrase the speech of Griffith in Henry VIII. concerning Wolsey, He was uncleanly and sour to them that loved him not, but to those men that sought him, sweet and fragrant as summer. His friend and biographer Clio Rickman, who considered him "a very superior character to Washington," gave strong testimony to his personal attractions and tidiness of dress; while James Cheetham, his biographer and not his

AARON BURR.

friend, told a very different and not a very pleasant story, in which soap and water-or their absence-play an important part. The former, according to Cheetham, was never employed externally by Paine, and the latter was very rarely, if ever, internally applied.

None of his earlier biographers give any hint as to the taking of this death-mask, nor is it to be found in any contemporary printed account of the death-bed scene. Experts agree that it is the face of Paine, and see in it a strong resemblance to the face in the Romney portrait, painted in 1792, seventeen years before Paine died. It was undoubtedly made after death, by John Wesley Jarvis, the painter, who was at one time an intimate of Paine's. He studied modelling in clay, and made the bust of Paine which is now in the possession of the Historical Society of New York. Concerning this bust Dr. Francis, in his Old New York, wrote: "The plaster cast of the head and features of Paine, now preserved in the gallery of arts of the Historical Society,

is remarkable for its fidelity to the original at the close of his life. Jarvis, the painter, then felt it his most successful work in that line of occupation, and I can confirm the opinion from my many opportunities of seeing Paine." He added that Jarvis said, "I shall secure him to a nicety if I am so fortunate as to get plaster enough for his carbuncled nose," which was not a very pretty speech to have made under any circumstances, particularly if the bust was a posthumous work.

was a trifle the

taller.

A bust of Burr

by Turnerelli, an Italian sculptor

residing in London during the first decade of the century, was exhibited at the Roy al Academy in 1809; and Burr, in his Diary and Letters, spoke more than once of the cast of his face made by the sculp tor at that time. He explained to Theodosia that he "submitted to the very unpleasant ceremony because Turnerelli said it was necessary," and because Bentham and others had undergone a similar penance; and in his Diary he wrote: Casting my eyes in the mirror, I observed a great

66

purple mark on my nose; went up and washed and rubbed it, all to no purpose. It was indelible. That cursed mask business has occasioned it. I believe the fellow used quick-lime instead of plaster of Paris, for I felt a very unpleasant degree of heat during the operation.... I have been applying a dozen different applications to the nose, which have only inflamed it. How many curses have I heaped upon that Italian!.... At eleven went to Turnerelli to sit. Relieved myself by abusing him for that nose disaster....He will make a most hideous frightful thing [of the bust]; but much like the original."

This mask, if it is still in existencewhich is not probable-would be an invaluable addition to the portraiture of Burr.

Of Lincoln, as of Washington, two lifemasks were made-one in Chicago in the spring of 1860, by Mr. Leonard W. Volk, and here reproduced; one in Washington, by Mr. Clark Mills, about five years later.

DANIEL WEBSTER.

Mr. Volk, in the Century Magazine for December, 1881, gives a pleasant account of the taking of the former. Mr. Lincoln sat naturally in the chair during the operation, watching in a mirror every move made by the sculptor, as the plaster was put on without interference with the eyesight or with the breathing of the victim. When, at the end of an hour, the mould was ready for removalit was in one piece, and contained both of the ears-Mr. Lincoln himself bent his head forward and worked it off gradually and gently, without injury of any kind, notwithstanding the fact that it clung to the high cheek-bones, and that a few hairs on his eyebrows and temples were pulled out by the roots with the plaster.

This is, without question, the most perfect representation of Mr. Lincoln's face in existence. I have watched many an eye fill while looking at it for the first time; to many minds it has been a reve

HENRY CLAY.

lation; and I turn to it myself more quickly and more often than to any of the others, when I want comfort and help.

Speaking of Webster, Mr. O. F. Fowler, in his Practical Phrenology, said: "A larger mass of brain, perhaps, never was found, and never will be found, in the upper and lateral portions of any man's forehead. Both in height and in breadth his forehead is prodigiously great." The head of Clay, according to the same authority, was also "unusually large. It measured seven and three-eighths inches in diameter, and it was very high in proportion to its breadth; the reasoning organs were large, and the perceptive and semi-perceptive organs still larger." Mr. G. P. A. Healy, the painter, says that Mr. Clay's mouth was very peculiar, that it was thin-lipped, and extended from ear to ear. This last is not particularly noticeable in the familiar portraits of Clay, not even in that painted by Mr. Healy himself. Both Mr. St. Gaudens and Mr. Hartley

incline to the opinion that the mask of Clay in my collection is a cast from the actual face, and, notwithstanding the fact that the eyelids are open, that it is from life. Lewis Gaylord Clark, writing in 1852 in HARPER'S MAGAZINE of Clay's funeral, said: "His countenance immediately after death looked like an antique cast. His features seemed to be perfectly classical, and the repose of all his muscles gave the lifeless body a quiet majesty seldom reached by living human beings."

Comparing Calhoun with Webster, Mr. Fowler attributed to Calhoun the greater power of analysis and illustration; to Webster, the greater depth and profundity. In Calhoun he found, united to a very large head, an active temperament and sharp organs, the greatest peculiarity of his phrenology consisting in the fact that all the intellectual faculties were very large. The casts of Webster and Calhoun were made in Washington by Clark Mills from the living faces-Calhoun's in 1844; Webster's in 1849-and they are, consequently, of no little interest and value.

Sydney Smith, who once called Daniel Webster "a steam-engine in trou

He

sers," thus disposed of a contemporary British statesman: "Lord Brougham's great passions," he said, "are vanity and ambition. considers himself as one of the most wonderful works of Providence, is incessantly striving to display that superiority to his fellowcreatures, and to grasp a supreme dominion over all men and all things. His vanity is so preposterous that it has exposed him to ludicrous failures, and little that he has written will survive him. His ambition; and the falsehood and intrigue with which it works, have estranged all parties from him, and left him, in the midst of bodily and intellectual strength, an isolated individual, whom nobody will trust, and with whom nobody will act."

The head of Brougham was of full size, but not unusual. A student of physiognomy, but not a student of the back numbers of the London Punch, who did not recognize the man in this cast, said of it that it was the head of a man more remarkable for vivacity and quickness of mind than for original and powerful thinking. George Combe, in his "Lectures on Phrenology," delivered in the United States in the winter of 1838-9, exhibited a mask of Brougham-of course from life, for Brougham did not die until thirty years after that, and he was born in 1778-which is perhaps the mask here reproduced, as it is the face of a man in his prime-and his was a marvellous prime -not that of a nonogenarian. Brougham's powers of activity and endurance were phenomenal. It is recorded of him

ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

that he went from the law courts to the House of Commons, from the House to his own chambers, where he wrote an article for the Edinburgh Review, then, without rest, to the courts and the House again, sitting until the morning of the third day before he thought of his bed or his sleep; and that during all this time he showed no signs of mental or physical fatigue. Such continuous activity certainly did not shorten his days, even if it lengthened his nights.

Probably no single facial organ in the world has been the subject of so much attention from the caricaturists as the nose of Lord Brougham. It is doubtful if any two consecutive numbers of any so-called comic or satirical journal appeared in England during Brougham's