"2. The fund; whence derived: In order to provide a fund to pension said retired teachers all contracts with teachers shall provide that the chairman and clerk of the school board or other officers whose duty it is to pay public school teachers shall deduct monthly from the salary of each teacher in the State a sum equal to 1 per cent of his or her salary. Each teacher shall be furnished a statement showing the amount so deducted. The sum so deducted shall be promptly remitted by the officers deducting the same through the office of the second auditor of Virginia to the state board of education, which shall immediately deposit the same with the state treasurer. All amounts so received shall be placed by the state treasurer to the credit of a fund to be called the retired teachers' fund,' and an accurate account shall be kept of all funds so received." (Virginia Journal of Education.)

Wisconsin.-The Milwaukee authorities determined that in place of a pension fund partly provided for by taxation, the teachers shall help themselves by paying, or having withheld from their salaries, $2 a month for twenty-five years. No teacher is to receive an annuity unless he or she has paid into the fund $500, and has taught twenty

five years.

District of Columbia.-The special committee of the board of education on "teachers' retirement" has prepared a bill to be presented to Congress providing for the creation of a retirement fund for the teachers of the District of Columbia. Section 1 of the bill provides for the creation of the fund from the following sources: (1) Unused balances at the close of the fiscal year on account of salaries of teachers and officers. (2) Donations, legacies, gifts, bequests, etc. (3) A sum equal to 12 per cent of annual appropriation for salaries of teachers and officers to be placed in the retirement fund by the Treasurer of the United States. (4) A certain per cent deducted from the teachers' salaries: (a) One per cent of all salaries of the teaching and supervising force who have taught less than ten years; (b) 1 per cent of the salaries of all who have taught more than ten years and less than twenty years; (c) 2 per cent of the salaries of all who have taught more than twenty years. Time is to be calculated on June 30, and salaries to be calculated in even hundreds of dollars.

Not more than $30 is to be deducted from the salary of a principal or teacher in any one year and not more than $40 from the salary of any supervising official.

Section 2 provides for a board of retirement, whose members shall be the president of the board of education and one member designated by him; the superintendent of schools; the colored assistant superintendent; the director of intermediate instruction; and six teachers, two representing the high schools and special subjects, two representing intermediate grades, and two representing primary grades. The six teachers are to be elected by the teachers whom they represent. Section 3 provides that, on recommendation of the retirement board, the board of education shall have power, by a two-thirds vote, to retire any teacher or officer mentally or physically unfit for service who has

taught twenty years, ten years in the District of Columbia. It may retire any member of the teaching corps who has attained the age of 65 and has taught thirty years, ten years in the District of Columbia. The board of education is also given power, by a two-thirds vote, to retire, on his or her application, any member of the teaching staff who has been engaged in teaching thirty years, and any member of the supervising staff who has been engaged in that work or in teaching for thirty-five years, fifteen of which have been spent in the District of Columbia. (Atlantic Educational Journal.)

TEACHERS' SALARY COMMISSION FOR NEW YORK CITY.

Mayor McClellan, of New York City, in June, 1909, appointed a commission consisting of Hon. Joseph H. Choate; Mr. William C. Brown, president of the New York Central Railroad; and Prof. John C. Clark, of Columbia University, to investigate the financial needs of the teachers of New York City. Its duties will be to investigate

first, the average rates of living of teachers, both men and women, in this city, and to ascertain, if possible, the general trend of responsibilities which they have to meet on the salary offered by this city; second, to compare, as near as possible, the salary rates in other cities with those offered in this city; third, to investigate and accurately determine what increases to the budget such recommendations as they may deem proper to submit will make.

SAN FRANCISCO TEACHERS NOT CITY, BUT SCHOOL DISTRICT EMPLOYEES.

On March 10, 1909, on the urgent recommendation of Mayor Taylor, the board of education of San Francisco passed a resolution that, beginning August 1, all teachers in the schools must live within the city, as required by the city charter.

A teacher brought suit to restrain the board from enforcing the rule.

The city attorney, in an opinion, held that teachers were not city employees, but employees of the school district, an entirely separate body politic from the city and county of San Francisco, and subject to the provisions of the general school law and not those of the city charter.

On August 10, 1909, Judge Graham, of San Francisco, ruled that the resolution of the board of education could not be enforced, and issued a restraining order, saying:

The political code of the State fixes no such residential qualification. The board can not add to the qualifications for dismissal as laid down in the State law.

Rhode Island establishes minimum salary of $400 per annum for teachers in all public schools of the State. (Act of May 7, 1909.)

X. DEPARTMENTS AND BRANCHES OF STUDY.

BUSINESS.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMMERCE.

The Northwestern University School of Commerce was organized in June, 1908, sixty business men of Chicago, members of the Chicago Association of Commerce, the Illinois Society of Certified Accountants, and the Industrial Club of Chicago, assuming financial responsibility for the school during the first three years of its existence.

The cooperation of the university with active business men insures the maintenance of university standards and serves at the same time to keep the instruction in close touch with actual business life and modern commercial methods.

To accommodate the large number of men who are precluded by their employment from pursuing regular day work at a university, the school began by inaugurating, in October, 1908, an evening course leading to a diploma in commerce. This work is given five evenings a week, between the hours of 7 and 9, from October to May, inclusive. Students who are able to carry the work of four courses one evening each per week can complete the diploma course in three years.

The demand for business training of university grade among men regularly employed in business has been amply demonstrated by the success of the school during its first year. In the six courses offered, constituting together only a small part of the ultimate curriculum, there have been registered a total of 255 students.

In accordance with the plan of expansion adopted when the school was organized, the size of the faculty has been greatly increased and the amount of instruction offered during the ensuing year (1909-10) will be more than double that of the year just ended.

The establishment of a degree course in the near future is contemplated. Requirements for admission to this course will probably be essentially as follows: Applicants will be required to present at entrance at least two full years of credit in a college of recognized standing.

It is not proposed to confine the work in commerce to students in evening courses. A large proportion of the subjects which should come within the scope of a day course in commerce are now offered at Evanston, as a regular part of the curriculum in the College of Liberal Arts. The combined course in Evanston and Chicago will offer a maximum opportunity for cultural development directed to practical ends. (Announcement, 1909–10.)

HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION.

Harvard University has created the degree of master in business administration, to be conferred on graduates from the graduate school of business administration.

The enrollment of students in the school at the opening of the school year was 56, of whom more than half devoted their entire time to the school as regular students. President Eliot stated in his annual report (1908) that

the general project, though novel, has commended itself very much to both the educational and the business world; and it is apparent from the increased choosing for the current year of courses in economics that a considerable number of undergraduates are preparing to become members later of the graduate school of business administration.

CLEVELAND HIGH SCHOOL OF COMMERCE.

The board of education of Cleveland, Ohio, has established the Cleveland High School of Commerce, which will be opened for instruction in the fall of 1909. The school year is divided into four terms of twelve weeks each, with a vacation of one week between terms. Twelve quarters are necessary to complete the course of study, and a student may therefore complete the course in three years. The aim of the school is to afford efficient training for mercantile pursuits, and opportunity to specialize is given in the third and fourth years. The course of study includes instruction in English language and literature, mathematics, commercial geography, local industries, physiology, botany, physics, chemistry, history of commerce, American history, political economy, civics, municipal activities, German, French, Spanish, penmanship, business practice, bookkeeping, stenography, typewriting, accounting, transportation, business organization, auditing, freehand drawing and design, mechanical drawing, music, and physical training.

The High School of Commerce, Boston, Mass., through the public spirit of certain Boston business men, was enabled to establish traveling scholarships, and during the summer of 1908 sent two young men from the senior class on a trip of visitation and observation to the east coast of South America. This school has entered upon a system of cooperation with the business men of Boston, by which some of the students are enabled during the summer months to work in business establishments.

Tufts College, Massachusetts, has received a bequest of $500,000 from Mr. Henry J. Braker for the purpose of establishing a school

of commerce, accounts, and finance. According to the report of the president of Tufts College for 1907-8 it is hardly probable that the school can be opened for the reception of students before September, 1910.

Dr. Benjamin M. Rastall has been appointed associate professor of business administration in the university extension division in the University of Wisconsin. Seventy-eight courses in business organization and methods are to be offered by correspondence. These include credits and collections, salesmanship, advertising, office methods, business correspondence, markets and buying, accounting, and commercial law.

CONSULAR SERVICE.

NEW COURSE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN.

The present training courses preparatory to consular service given at the University of Wisconsin are to receive an important addition next semester in the form of a new course on the consular service, to be conducted by Dr. Ernst C. Meyer, formerly of the United States consular service at Chemnitz, Sonneberg, and Dresden, and recently appointed lecturer in political science at the university.

The new course is to treat of the modern consular system, and will include a comparative study of the present organization and operation, emphasis being placed on the existing rights, privileges, powers, and duties of American consuls. The larger matters of consular organization and functions which are of general interest and value will also be considered.

Doctor Meyer will give a course in municipal government which is to consist of a comparative study of the systems of city government of leading European countries and of those of the United States, with a discussion of municipal functions and current questions of municipal administration. (University Bulletin, February, 1909.)

MODERN LANGUAGES.

66 COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOLS" IN CALIFORNIA.

An act of the legislature of California, approved March 18, 1909, provides that the board of education in every city of the first class shall establish and maintain in each of said cities of the first class at least one public school in which shall be taught the French, Italian, and German languages in conjunction with studies in the English language. Such schools shall be designated as " cosmopolitan schools."