12. The consulate shall be composed of consuls, active members, and alumni, enrolled in each class.

13. Each member of the federation must register himself at the consulate in the city where he pursues his university course. Enrollment at any other consulate has no value.

14. Each consulate shall have the right to one vote at the congress. 15. The consulates shall maintain direct communication with the central international bureau and with the president.

16. The central bureau shall be elected at the congress by the members of the federation. In default of this, it shall be organized by the consulate of the city where the congress shall have determined that the bureau shall be.

The bureau shall be composed of a number of secretaries in order to insure its proper working.

17. Each congress shall elect a president of the federation, distinct from the central bureau.

18. The bureau shall be charged with the work of propaganda and of the administration of the federation.

The president shall be charged with the moral direction.

19. The consulates shall remit directly one-half of the contributions to the central bureau.

20. The members of the federation shall assemble together in an international congress at least every two years.

21. At the beginning of the congress the bureau of the congress shall be constituted.

22. Before the close of the congress the probable place and date of the following congresses shall be designated.

23. The central international bureau shall be charged with the publication of the bulletin of the federation, printed in several languages. This shall be sent to all the consulates and to those members of the federation who shall have paid the subscription.

Six international congresses of the federation have been held, as follows: At Turin, 1898; at Paris, 1900; at Venice, 1902; at Liege, 1905; at Marseille, 1906; at Bordeaux, 1907.

CHINESE AND KOREAN STUDENTS IN JAPAN.

[Compiled from the report for the year ending September 30, 1908, of J. M. Clinton, general secretary of the Chinese Young Men's Christian Association, Tokyo.]

There are to-day 5,000 students in Tokyo representing every Province of China. One year ago there were almost double this number. But while the number has decreased, the quality and standard of the students has greatly increased. The number for the past six months has remained almost stationary. There are many reasons for this decrease in numbers. Many who came to Tokyo at first were not real students but came because it was popular to come to Japan. Others

came for "short-term courses." Still others came for political purposes. Now very strict examinations are held both in China and Japan. Every student coming to Japan must first pass these examinations. These restrictions have shut out the incompetent students. All"short-term " schools have therefore disappeared. The Japanese government schools and the large private schools, like Waseda University, will now not admit Chinese students unless they enroll for a term of four or more years. This at once shows the stability of the Chinese students now in Japan. The revolutionary class, so strong at one time, are now not so much in evidence. The Chinese students now here mean business. They have come to complete their courses and they are doing so. During the past year many honors in the various schools have been won by the Chinese students. It is significant that most of these honors have been won by members and students of the Chinese Young Men's Christian Association.

How long this army of 5,000 Chinese students will remain in Tokyo is difficult to say. There are many facts which indicate that they may remain here for a number of years yet. In conversation with the Chinese minister a few days ago he said the Chinese Government was still supporting 2,500 students here and that there were no indications or reasons for decreasing this number in the near future. The Chinese Imperial Government itself has decided to send at least 200 new students to Japan each year for the next five years.

In every sphere above the mere material the Chinese scholar is king in his own community. Many of these students in Tokyo are sons of landed gentry, a class very powerful for good or evil in their native places. Others are sons of officials and merchants and members of the literati. About one-half of the 5,000 Chinese students of Tokyo, as shown above, are supported by the provincial governments, and are selected by competitive examinations. Some are sent by city or village guilds. Others are supported by groups of friends, relatives, or parents. The position of each is gained either by family influence or by the competitive test. Every one, therefore, is a picked man, selected on account of ability or social influence.

Already the new leaven is working. A Chinese writing in a recent issue of the Westminster Review says of these men after returning from their studies abroad:

Fairly educated, and having had proper training, the students return from Japan to establish private schools everywhere at their own expense. The work is disinterestedly carried on. Many teachers sacrifice their own fortunes in the enterprise. But they are gaining ground by degrees, especially in normal. schools and kindergartens. The antiopium and antifootbinding movements would not have been so general but for the energetic preaching both by tongue and pen of the students returned from Japan. The doctrine in favor of the emancipation of women is spreading daily, and before long the education of the other sex will receive equal attention.

The writer of the article goes on to show how the literature of China is becoming reshaped by the new learning. Thousands of new words are being incorporated into the body of the national vocabulary. "New expressions, new constructions of sentences" are making a revolution in the Chinese literary world. A new activity has laid hold of the pens of ready and able writers, and ideas alive, pulsating with vitality, are being given forth without cessation. The student body is the mainspring of the movement in China; in fact, is the movement.

The Chinese students are great readers. They are not only seeking all the knowledge they can get through the medium of their own language, but are reading books in other languages, especially Japanese, English, French, and German. The association reading rooms are supplied with many of the leading newspapers and magazines, published in Chinese, Japanese, and English.

The stream of Korean young life continues to flow toward the land of the rising sun. And this is true regardless of the fact that there is a strong racial feeling between the two peoples. The Korean students are not coming to Japan because of any love for Japan, but for self-protection and self-preservation. They are willing to come for the sake of the learning they can get. Many have come to learn the secret of Japan's success. Korea is now giving herself up to the acquirements of western civilization. She is now not only trying to learn what Japan can teach her in Korea, but she is sending in great numbers her young men to Japan. There are to-day 700 Korean students in Tokyo alone, enrolled in the various government and private schools. This is an increase of 200 over last year. Men of all ages are coming to Japan to study. Many of them are from 30 to 40 years of age. There are also no less than 100 who are under 18 years of age. The average age of the total number now is about 19, as against 22 of last year. On the whole, a younger class of men and boys are coming.

The educational work of the Korean association has grown in popularity until now more than 100 students are enrolled in its classes. English, Japanese, history, mathematics, and a few other subjects are being taught in the association classes.

BRITISH AND GERMAN UNIVERSITIES IN CHINA.

A British university is to be established in Hongkong, which will limit itself, in the first place, to instruction in medicine and engineering, because these are the two branches of Western science for which at present there is the largest demand in China. A citizen has offered $135,000, to be used in constructing suitable buildings, on condition that adequate funds, computed at $500,000, are provided for purposes

of equipment and endowment. An essential feature of the scheme is that all students shall reside in colleges and hostels where they will be constantly in touch with the British professional staff, and thus withdrawn from the unwholesome influences which too often surround Chinese students in a Chinese city.

The German educational establishment which is to be created at Kiao-chau is in name only a high school, but in reality its scope is much larger than that of the projected British university at Hongkong. Besides medical and technical branches, it will comprise an agricultural branch (including forestry), and a political science branch, comprehending international law, state and administrative law, mining and maritime law, political economy, and finance. The technical branch, to which special importance is evidently attached, will cover not only mining, electrical and railway engineering, but also architecture and shipbuilding.

Nor is this all. In connection with the high school there is to be a preparatory school of six classes on the lines of a German realschule (without Latin), for which pupils will be received from Chinese government schools, as well as from other German schools already existing in China. The German Government assumes the whole cost, except for a contribution of $10,000 from the Peking government, which has agreed, moreover, to accept the certificate issued by the Kiao-chau High School as a qualification for admission to the Chinese government service. The capital cost of the Kiao-chau establishment is estimated at $160,000, and the annual outlay at $50,000.

A Tokyo correspondent of the London Times, from whom we obtain these facts, points out that another important feature of the Kiaochau plan is the creation of a translating department, in which German linguists, assisted by Chinese scholars, will undertake the translation of German text-books and other works into the vernacular, presumably the Mandarin or literary dialect. The activity of this department is not to be confined to school instruction alone, but to be extended to the whole field of literature. (Extracts from the Boston Transcript, Aug. 30, 1909.)

CHRISTIAN EDUCATION IN CHINA.

At the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Foreign Mission Boards of the United States and Canada, held in New York in January, 1909, a committee on education in China was appointed. The resolution creating the committee, as passed by the conference, was as follows:

Resolved further, That the proposal for the appointment of a committee on the present educational needs and opportunities in China be approved, and that this committee consist of the committee on reference and counsel with the addition of twelve laymen, not more than half of whom shall be members of mission

boards, these laymen to be chosen by the committee on reference and counsel, and this new committee to appoint its own officers.

Resolved further, That the function of this committee shall be to promote a larger interest in Christian education in China, but it shall not itself receive or administer funds therefor without further action of this conference.

This will be the active committee, for at least a year, in this country, for the union Christian educational effort for China.

Mr. W. Henry Grant, 156 Fifth avenue, New York, is secretary.

XVII. HEALTH AND HYGIENE.

DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL HYGIENE, ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. [The following information is taken from a paper on the above subject furnished this office by Supt. Ben Blewett, of the St. Louis schools.]

The St. Louis board of education in February, 1909, gave its approval to a report by the superintendent of instruction, in which was presented a plan for establishing a department the function of which should be to discover and cause to be remedied, as far as possible, physical defects and communicable diseases that might interfere with efficient school work. In giving effect to this plan the following

sections were added to rule 8:

SEC. XVI. There shall be a division of the department of instruction, designated as the department of school hygiene."

SEC. XVII. The work of this department shall be

(a) To examine all of the pupils at least once a year for the purpose of ascertaining the existence of any physical defect that interferes with the pupil's progress in the school, and to report any such defect to the parents, and advise that the family physician be consulted.

(b) To examine daily all evidences of the presence in the schools of communicable disease and to make prompt report of all cases of such to the board of health or its officers.

(c) To examine the sanitary conditions of the school premises and to make report of it to the superintendent of instruction.

SEC. XVIII. The superintendent of instruction shall have power to appoint for this work a supervisor of hygiene and as many inspectors of hygiene as the board may from time to time determine.

The supervisor and inspectors shall be graduates of medical colleges of recognized standing.

SEC. XIX. The supervisor of hygiene shall be a skilled physician and shall have general supervision of the work of the department and such other duties connected with it as may be assigned to him by the superintendent of instruction. He shall devote his entire time to the work of the department.

SEC. XX. The inspectors of hygiene shall devote themselves to this work for ten months in each year, and shall during all school hours be engaged in their investigations in the school buildings; and during the school term shall use