such further time as shall be required for making the necessary examinations and reports.

No one shall be nominated for or appointed to the position of inspector of hygiene who has not passed successfully an examination offered by the board of education to all candidates for such positions. This examination shall be given both as a test of professional training and experience as a physician, and of personal qualifications for this special work.

SEC. XXI. The supervisor and inspectors shall be elected for a term of one year by the board of education upon nomination of the superintendent of instruction. The schedule of salaries shall be so fixed as to include the necessary expenses for car fare or livery, for which no extra allowance shall be made. SEC. XXII. The supervisor and inspectors shall not treat any case of physical defect or disease that has been discovered by either of them while engaged in the work of this department.

SEC. XXIII. The provisions of the rules of the board of education and of the charter, relating to the suspension and removal of teachers, shall apply to the supervisor and inspectors in this department.

SEC. XXIV. The work of the department shall be conducted under such further regulations as may be prescribed by the superintendent of instruction, with the approval of the board of education.

Five districts were to be provisionally established, and each assigned to one inspector of hygiene. The following scale of salaries was proposed: Supervisor, first year, $2,500; second year, $2,600; this salary to be paid in twelve monthly installments. Inspectors, first year, $1,200; second year, $1,300; third year, $1,400; fourth year, $1,500; these salaries to be paid in ten monthly installments.

It was also recommended that a bacteriological laboratory be opened in the board of education building, or in some school building, and that it be equipped with necessary instruments and supplies.

The opinion of the attorney was required on the suggested change of rules. The following portions of his opinion answer the question of the right of the board to undertake the proposed work:

Our state constitution declares that a "general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence is essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people," and therefore provides for the establishment and maintenance of free public schools. Pursuant to this constitutional provision, the general assembly in 1833 provided for the establishment of such schools in St. Louis, and in that act it was provided that the board of education "shall have power to make all rules, ordinances, and statutes proper for the government and management of such schools and property, so that the same shall not be inconsistent with the laws of the land," and generally to do all lawful acts which may be proper or convenient to carry into effect the business of the corporation. It is a fundamental principle in statutory and constitutional construction that a comprehensive grant of power, particularly for the accomplishment of great public ends, necessarily carries with it the right to select any appropriate means which are not prohibited by law.

It therefore follows that the board of education may determine, in the exercise of a wise discretion, whether the establishment of a department of school hygiene, with a supervisor and a number of inspectors in charge, is a necessary or proper means for maintaining the efficiency of the schools, whether such

means are reasonably required for "the general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence" which our constitution declares to be "essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people."

The superintendent of instruction reported to the board in April, 1909, as follows:

In accordance with the provisions of rule 8, Section XX, and the action of the board at the February meeting, an examination of candidates for the position of inspector of hygiene was held on April 28.

The examination was conducted by the superintendent of instruction, assisted by the medical adviser and the assistant superintendents.

The examination consisted of a written test of professional scholarship and experience and an oral test of special fitness for the work.

The written test was covered by sets of questions on seven general topics. During the written examination the candidates' papers were identified by the numbers and not by the names of the writers. In estimating the results of the examination, 50 per cent was allowed to the written test and 50 per cent to the oral test. The value of testimonials entered into the oral test. Fifty physicians having the qualifications required by the board presented themselves for the examination. Of this number, 46 were white men, 2 white women, and 2 colored men. Complete reports on the examination, including sets of questions given in the written examination, are placed in the files in the superintendent's office.

Eligible list.-Upon a careful review of the per cent returns of the examination, without knowledge of the names of the candidates, it was thought best to report to the board the names of all who made 75 per cent or more, and in the order of their standing in the examination.

The work of the new department will begin with the opening of the new school year (1909-10). Each inspector will have under his care between three and four thousand pupils, including the pupils of one of the special schools for individual instruction.

The details of administration of the department are being worked out. These details will include forms of reports and records for the guidance of the department and for the information of teachers, physicians, and the general public.

THE BROOKLINE DAY CAMP AND SCHOOL FOR TUBERCULAR CHILDREN.

This camp and school combined, located in Brookline, Mass., a residence town adjoining the city of Boston, was opened July 7, 1908, and closed September 26 following. The officers of the Brookline Friendly Society, the Brookline Anti-Tuberculosis Society, and the health department united in an effort to arrest the development of tuberculosis found in its early stages in 23 boys and girls taken from the poorer districts of the town. The camp was located on the grounds of the board of health hospital, and was arranged, with reference to shelter and accommodations, very much as day camps for adult tuberculosis patients are arranged in other parts of the country.

Visits were made to the camp daily, except on Sundays. A picnic barge collected the children early in the morning and carried them out for the day. A cook and an experienced nurse, who served both as nurse and teacher, were employed to accompany the patients.

The primary object of the endeavor was to promote outdoor rest, recreation, and good feeling, but nature study was encouraged and books from the public library were supplied.

Of the success of the work Supt. Arthur A. Wordell, of the Brookline Friendly Society, writes:

Seven of the children appear to have the progress of their disease entirely arrested, and with one exception all gained in weight and general condition. OPEN-AIR SCHOOL FOR TUBERCULAR CHILDREN AT PITTSBURG.

The Tuberculosis League of Pittsburg, Pa., is maintaining an openair school for the children in the hospital for tuberculosis who are well enough to go to school from one to five hours per day. There are 10 children in the school, which is conducted on one of the open verandas of the hospital. A new building has been promised by the Hebrew Benevolent Society which will accommodate 30 children. The teacher for the school is paid by the Civic Club and by private endeavors.

COURSE IN SANITARY SCIENCE AT COLUMBIA.

President Butler, of Columbia University, has appointed a committee of 12 members to consider the establishment of a school of sanitary science and public health. While plans for the school are in course of development the committee deemed it advisable to inaugurate the movement by an introductory course of lectures on the topics that would be included in the school. The course was inaugurated during the second term of the academic year 1908-9. (Columbia University Quarterly, March, 1909, p. 213.)

COURSE IN GENERAL HYGIENE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN.

The prevention of disease among students in the university is the prime aim of the new course of study on general hygiene which has just been announced for the second semester, beginning February 23. The relation of the mind to health, the care of the nervous system, infectious diseases and antitoxins, the effects of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, food supplies and their adulteration, exercise and health, water and milk supply, and a series of similar subjects are to be discussed for the benefit of the students in weekly lectures by members of the faculty from the college of medicine, department of bacteriology, physical training department, and chemistry department.

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Prof. William Thompson Sedgwick, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, will give two lectures in this course on air supply and ventilation and on water supply and water purification. (University Bulletin, February, 1909.)

UNDERFED CHILDREN IN CHICAGO.

The problem of underfed school children, which has engaged educational thought in large European cities for a quarter of a century or more, has recently forced itself upon the attention of school authorities in some of our American centers of population, notably New York and Chicago. In the latter city a special committee was appointed to investigate conditions among indigent school children and to report the results of their investigations to the school board. Pursuant to such appointment, reports and opinions were submitted in October, 1908. The superintendent of compulsory education, at the time of making his statement, estimated the number of underfed children in the city at 15,000.

In the opinion of the attorney of the board of education, money appropriated for school purposes can not be expended for food, however necessitous the case. Accordingly it was decided to cooperate with charitable organizations by using the truant-officer force and other agencies of the school system to find out and report needy cases. Basement rooms in school buildings and other suitable places have been fitted up in some of the poorer districts, and charity workers have furnished free breakfasts and lunches to many hungry children. In this way a double purpose has been served-the needy child's hunger has been appeased and increased efficiency in its school work has been secured.

XVIII. PLAYGROUNDS.

Chicago. The Playground Association of Chicago will hold the third annual Chicago play festival on Chicago Day, Saturday, October 9, 1909. There will be three sessions-10 a. m., 2 p. m., and 7 p. m. At the morning session kindergarten and younger school children will take part; at the afternoon session older children and younger people will present games and playground activities. At the evening session, as principal events in a varied programme, young people and adults will contribute gymnastic, national, and folk dances and games.

The participants will come from playgrounds, schools, social settlements, turner societies, and other organizations interested in play

and recreation. Many of the national dances will be given by immigrant groups in costume.

The 1908 festival had about 2,000 participants and an attendance for the day of 30,000, including many visitors from other cities. The occasion, to which everyone is freely welcome, is rapidly becoming a great yearly civic event in the life of Chicago.

Indiana.-An act of the legislature of Indiana, dated March 5, 1909, authorizes the board of school trustees or commissioners in cities of the first, second, third, and fourth class to establish, equip, and maintain public playground or playgrounds, to be used by the public during the summer-vacation period. Use may be made of school grounds and buildings, and the boards are authorized to purchase or lease additional grounds for the purpose out of the school revenues. The compensation of directors of playgrounds and their assistants shall be paid out of the school revenues. In cities having a board of park commissioners the duties respecting playgrounds shall devolve upon a playground commission consisting of five members, two of whom shall be members of the board of school commissioners or selected by such board, two shall be members of the board of park commissioners or designated by such board, and one shall be appointed by the mayor. The board of park commissioners is authorized to contribute toward the expense of establishing, maintaining, and equipping playgrounds.

For an account of the Third Annual Congress of the Playground Association of America see page 79.