By an official order of 1867, Minister Duruy had authorized courses of secondary instruction for girls to be given by university professors in accordance with prescribed regulations. At Paris and at several provincial cities, this order had been carried into effect, and appropriations had been made for the maintenance of the work from municipal and government funds. In 1880 the amount of the government appropriation for this service was 100,000 francs ($20,000), and in 1881, under the impulse of the Camille Sée law, 300,000 francs ($60,000). This provisional measure had much to do with overcom-. ing unreasonable prejudices respecting the attendance of girls upon public institutions, but it was a very inadequate expression of the purposes even of its originator, who was an earnest advocate of a complete, well-organized, and uniform system of education for girls as an essential part of a general system of public education.

The new institutions were established by the joint action of the State, the departments, and the communes, or municipalities, in which they should be located. Provision was made for both day and boarding pupils, and as a means of encouraging patronage it was expressly provided in the law that the State and the local authorities should found scholarships for the benefit of boarders and partial boarders. The original professors of this new class of secondary schools were all university graduates, and in 1881 a special normal school was established at Sèvres to qualify women for service in the new institutions. In order to prepare students of the lycées for admission to the same, a sixth year was added, in a few lycées, to the regular course of five years.

PROGRESS.

The passage of the law of 1880 was followed immediately by the organization of a lycée for girls at Montpellier and of a local college at Auxerre. In 1886 the number of lycées reported was 14, with 2,243 students, and the number of local colleges 17, with 2,734 students, or a total enrollment of 4,977. In 1896 the enrollment in lycées for girls was 7,563, and in colleges 3,082, or a total enrollment of 10,645. This was an increase of nearly 114 per cent in ten years. The decade 1896 to 1906 showed still greater increase, the enrollment in lycées reaching 15,967 at the latter date, and in colleges 9,739, or a total of 25,706, an increase of 140 per cent in ten years. The latest official statistics pertaining to these institutions bear date November 5, 1908, at which time the enrollment in the 47 lycées for girls was 17,352, and in the 61 colleges (including 2 in Algiers) 10,624, a total of 27,976 students.

TABLE 8.-Distribution of students in the public secondary establishments for

In 1908 the government appropriation for this service, including the appropriation for the normal school at Sèvres, amounted to 3,214,075 francs, in round numbers $640,000.

TUITION FEES AND SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS.

The tuition fees, which are turned into the public treasury, vary in the different classes of the schools and in the different localities. The maximum annual fee in the lycées is 250 francs ($50); in the colleges the maximum is 150 francs ($30). The living expenses depend upon location. According to recent statistics the maximum cost of living and tuition in lycées outside of Paris is 900 francs ($180), which is reported for a lycée at Lille; at Versailles the cost is 825 francs ($165). At Roanne it falls to 575 francs ($115). By aid of the public scholarship funds provided for by the law of 1880, the advantages offered by these secondary schools are extended to girls of marked ability who could not otherwise meet the expenses. The scholarships are provisional or definite, and cover the expense for tuition and board or for board only. The number awarded in 1906-7 was 1,158.

RELATION OF THE SCHOOLS TO THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN.

With respect to this very important division of the educational work created and sustained by the present Republic, the question naturally arises what relation it bears, if any, to the movement for the higher education of women, considering the expression in its broadest sense. This question is answered, in part, by the course of study, the scope of which may be inferred from the following timetable at present in force for the upper section:

Weekly time-table for the two years of the upper section.

In this class, ethics takes the form of psychology in its relation to moral doctrines and education.

On the literary side the study of native literature and of the literature of England and Germany is particularly emphasized. The instruction is given by university professors, and is informing and cultivating. The students acquire also excellent command of the foreign languages for both speaking and writing.

The subjects of the course of study that more particularly illustrate its adaptation to the duties and responsibilities of women are as follows: Notions of common law, hygiene, and ethics (la morale). The course in common law includes: The relations of a minor to her father; the legal status of a married woman; the control of property; the laws governing inheritance, wills, and bequests; the nature of contracts; banking forms and processes; judicial procedures, and the main features of state and local administration. The course in hygiene includes such practical matters as the care of infants, the care of the aged, the means of guarding against infection, and the special study of tuberculosis.

It was intended by the author of the law of 1880, and his associates in the effort, that the education thus provided should be equivalent to, though not identical with, that offered in the secondary schools for boys. The development of mind and the formation of character were its aims; preparation for subsequent professional training was not regarded at all, excepting in the optional sixth year, already referred to. But new demands have been raised by the increase in the number of young women who intend to enter the university faculties and who, under present conditions, are obliged to prepare for the baccalaureate, or admission examination, by private tuition. As a means of correcting this discrimination against those least able to protect their own interests, it has been determined to open in a few lycées for girls a special course assimilated to that of the lycées for boys, and, like the latter, preparing for the bachelor's diploma. This special course would include Latin as an obligatory study. The first part of the baccalaureate examination would be passed at the end of the fifth year and the second part at the close of the extra sixth year. This provisional experiment is similar in purpose to the recent regulation reorganizing the secondary schools for girls in Prussia. Both measures are of special interest, not only as illustrating social movements of deep import, but for their bearing upon the tendency in certain centers of our own country to introduce distinctions between the education of young men and young women where none now exist.

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION.

To the department of higher education, ministry of public instruction, belong the state universities and special schools, and the scientific bureaus of the Government. For the current expenses of this department, exclusive of administration, the Government appropriated in 1908 the sum of 21,584,576 francs, equivalent to $4,316,915. Of this amount 16,941,246 francs ($3,388,249) went to the state universities and special schools. The Government receives from the universities the receipts from examination and diploma fees, which amounted in 1907 to 5,164,775 francs ($1,032,955). The remaining expenditure for these institutions was borne by municipal appropriations, bequests, income from invested funds, and students' fees. Recent estimates show that the Government still bears the larger part of the university expenses.

THE STATE UNIVERSITIES.

From Table 9 it will be seen that the University of Paris registered in 1908 only 40 per cent of the total number of students; in 1888 its registration was greater than that of the combined provincial universities. Two-fifths of the university students were enrolled in the

faculties of law (Table 10). The total number of students in January, 1909, i. e., 41,897, included 4,732 foreigners. The women students numbered 3,609, of whom 1,643 were foreigners.

The right to confer degrees is reserved exclusively to the state faculties by law of March 18, 1880. In addition to the state degrees of bachelor, licentiate, and doctor, a university doctorate has been created which attests the completion of specified studies, but does not admit the recipient to professional careers.

TABLE 9.-Distribution of students in state universities.

a Report of the budget.-Service of public instruction, 1908, by Maurice Faure, p. 27.
b The same, 1909, by Maurice-Faure, pp. 75-78.

TABLE 10.-Distribution of state university students by faculties for specified

a Report on the budget.-Service of public instruction, 1908, by M. Maurice-Faure, p. 25.
The same, 1909, by M. Maurice-Faure, p. 79.

c Bulletin Administratif, 1909, No. 1868, p. 503.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS OF UNIVERSITY RANK.

The following special schools of university rank are under the minister of public instruction: Collège de France (appropriation, statistics for 1908, $112,500); Museum of Natural History (appropri

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